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Table 2 Subgroup analyses of supplementation with milk protein on glycemic parameters

From: Effects of supplementation with milk protein on glycemic parameters: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis

Sub-groups

Effect size, n

WMD (95%CI)a

P-within subgroups

 

P-heterogeneityc

I2 (%)b

P-between subgroups

Supplementation with milk protein on FBG (mg/dL)

Overall effect

42

-1.83 (-3.28, -0.38)

0.013

 < 0.001

80.3%

 

FBG Baseline

 < 100

28

-1.25 (-2.86, 0.35)

0.127

 < 0.001

79.1%

0.110

 > 100

12

-4.48 (-8.09, -0.87)

0.015

 < 0.001

84.9%

Trial duration (week)

 > 8

25

-1.49 (-3.18, 0.20)

0.084

 < 0.001

76.6%

0.438

 ≤ 8

17

-2.74 (-5.43, -0.06)

0.045

 < 0.001

84.4%

Intervention type

 Casein

4

-7.53 (-16.60, 1.54)

0.104

 < 0.001

92.6%

0.267

 Milk

9

-0.82 (-2.49, 0.84)

0.333

0.149

33.7%

 Whey

29

-2.00 (-3.77, -0.23)

0.026

 < 0.001

81.1%

Supplement dose (g/day)

 ≥ 60

5

-0.19 (-2.65, 2.25)

0.876

0.265

23.5%

0.298

 30–60

24

-1.62 (-3.63, 0.39)

0.114

 < 0.001

81.1%

 < 30

10

-3.21 (-6.12, -0.29)

0.031

 < 0.001

81.0%

Baseline BMI (kg/m2)

 Normal (18.5–24.9)

5

-6.00 (-9.48, -2.53)

0.001

0.005

73.1%

0.010

 Overweight (25–29.9)

14

-4.87 (-8.41, -1.33)

0.007

 < 0.001

84.1%

 Obese (> 30)

14

-0.28 (-2.55, 1.97)

0.803

 < 0.001

79.9%

Sex

 Both

24

-0.90 (-2.61, 0.80)

0.299

 < 0.001

76.4%

0.013

 Female

7

-10.87 (-17.28, -4.45)

0.001

 < 0.001

92.4%

 Male

11

-1.32 (-3.00, 0.36)

0.125

0.080

40.3%

Supplementation with milk protein on fasting insulin (uU/ml)

 Overall effect

24

-1.06 (-1.76, -0.36)

0.003

0.003

50.1%

 

Trial duration (week)

 > 8

15

-0.93 (-1.70, -0.17)

0.017

0.046

41.7%

0.669

 ≤ 8

9

-1.31 (-2.87, 0.24)

0.098

0.006

63.0%

Intervention type

 Casein

3

-2.85 (-8.80, 3.09)

0.347

0.024

73.2%

0.797

 Milk

5

-1.38 (-3.30, 0.54)

0.160

0.157

39.6%

 Whey

16

-1.02 (-1.79, -0.24)

0.010

0.010

50.9%

Supplement dose (g/day)

 ≥ 60

4

-1.71 (-2.68, -0.75)

 < 0.001

0.691

0.0%

0.019

 30–60

11

-1.59 (-2.78, -0.41)

0.008

0.014

55.0%

 < 30

8

0.01 (-0.89, 0.92)

0.975

0.236

24.2%

Baseline BMI (kg/m2)

 Normal

3

-0.56 (-2.46, 1.33)

0.559

0.013

76.9%

0.847

 Overweight (25–29.9)

9

-0.91 (-2.33, 0.50)

0.207

0.040

50.5%

 Obese (> 30)

10

-1.23 (-2.54, 0.08)

0.066

0.054

46.1%

Sex

 Both

15

-0.74 (-1.39, -0.09)

0.025

0.140

28.9%

0.742

 Female

6

-1.66 (-4.10, 0.78)

0.182

0.014

64.9%

 Male

6

-1.23 (-3.87, 1.41)

0.362

0.035

70.2%

Overall effect

6

0.01 (-0.14, 0.16)

0.891

 < 0.001

82.2%

HbA1c Baseline

 < 6.4

4

0.06 (-0.01, 0.13)

0.123

0.429

0.0%

0.302

 > 6.4

2

-0.13 (-0.48, 0.22)

0.471

0.003

88.8%

Intervention type

 Casein

1

0.18 (-0.01, 0.37)

0.075

-

-

0.247

 Milk

1

0.10 (-0.08, 0.28)

0.295

-

-

 Whey

4

-0.04 (-0.23, 0.13)

0.619

 < 0.001

85.1%

Supplement dose (g/day)

 30–60

2

0.12 (-0.00, 0.25)

0.062

0.451

0.0%

0.159

 < 30

4

-0.04 (-0.23, 0.14)

0.655

 < 0.001

85.1%

Baseline BMI (kg/m2)

 Normal

1

-0.30 (-0.42, -0.17)

 < 0.001

-

-

 < 0.001

 Overweight (25–29.9)

2

0.08 (-0.05, 0.21)

0.245

0.776

0.0%

 Obese (> 30)

3

0.06 (-0.03, 0.15)

0.231

0.279

21.8%

Supplementation with milk protein on HOMA-IR

 Overall effect

20

-0.27 (-0.40, -0.14)

 < 0.001

0.006

49.9%

 

HOMA-IR Baseline

 > 2

11

-0.29 (-0.49, -0.09)

0.005

0.150

31.2%

0.815

 < 2

8

-0.26 (-0.46, -0.05)

0.014

0.002

69.0%

Trial duration (week)

 > 8

14

-0.25 (-0.41, -0.10)

0.001

0.015

50.9%

0.752

 ≤ 8

6

-0.31 (-0.58, -0.03)

0.027

0.085

48.2%

Intervention type

 Casein

2

-0.20 (-0.85, 0.44)

0.540

0.196

40.1%

0.383

 Milk

3

-0.53 (-0.89, -0.16)

0.004

0.650

0.0%

 Whey

15

-0.25 (-0.40, -0.11)

0.001

0.005

55.2%

Supplement dose (g/day)

 ≥ 60

4

-0.41 (-0.60, -0.22)

 < 0.001

0.732

0.0%

0.017

 30–60

8

-0.36 (-0.54, -0.18)

 < 0.001

0.331

12.6%

 < 30

7

-0.08 (-0.24, 0.08)

0.347

0.126

39.8%

Baseline BMI (kg/m2)

 Normal (18.5–24.9)

2

-0.42 (0.67, -0.17)

0.001

0.333

0.0%

0.369

 Overweight (25–29.9)

7

-0.17 (-0.41, 0.06)

0.147

0.088

45.5%

 Obese (> 30)

9

-0.27 (-0.47, -0.06)

0.010

0.142

34.5%

Sex

 Both

11

-0.31 (-0.45, -0.18)

 < 0.001

0.631

0.0%

0.925

 Female

5

-0.25 (-0.56, 0.05)

0.106

0.061

55.6%

 Male

4

-0.32 (-0.79, 0.13)

0.165

0.002

79.1%

  1. Abbreviations: WMD weighted mean differences, CI confidence interval, BMI body mass index, HOMA-IR Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, FBG fasting blood glucose, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, CI Confidence interval
  2. aAttained from the random-effects model
  3. bPercentage of differences between trials due to heterogeneity
  4. cCochrane’s Q test
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