| Subgroup | FBG (mmol/L) | HbA1C (mmol/mol) | HOMA-IR |
---|---|---|---|---|
Study design | parallel | -0.116(-0.217, -0.014)* N = 24, I2 = 80.85 | 0.039(-0.334,0.412) N = 8, I2 = 0 | -0.118(-0.308, 0.071) N = 11, I2 = 27.39 |
 | crossover | -0.086(-0.165, -0.006)* N = 13, I2 = 8.46 | -1.889(-3.519,-0.259)* N = 5, I2 = 72.61 | -0.307(-0.766, 0.152) N = 4, I2 = 46.46 |
Intervention duration | ≥ 12w | -0.097(-0.199, 0.006) N = 20, I2 = 73.83 | 0.041(-0.331,0.413) N = 8, I2 = 0 | -0.112(-0.338, 0.114) N = 9, I2 = 41.07 |
 | < 12w | -0.115(-0.233, 0.004) N = 17, I2 = 71.89 | -2.018(-3.683,-0.353)* N = 5, I2 = 71.56 | -0.281(-0.564, 0.001) N = 6, I2 = 14.75 |
Health status | unhealthy | -0.219(-0.409, -0.028)* N = 14, I2 = 84.14 | -1.339(-2.598,-0.080)* N = 7, I2 = 71.58 | -0.208(-0.453, 0.037) N = 7, I2 = 30.17 |
 | generally healthy | -0.061(-0.136, 0.014) N = 22, I2 = 58.76 | 0.041(-0.369,0.452) N = 6, I2 = 0 | -0.123(-0.397, 0.151) N = 8, I2 = 42 |
Baseline mean of BMI | BMI < 30 kg/m2 | -0.102(-0.209, 0.005) N = 23, I2 = 76.01 | -1.027(-2.036,-0.017)* N = 10, I2 = 69.46 | -0.142(-0.349, 0.065) N = 10, I2 = 26.83 |
 | BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | -0.059(-0.143, 0.024) N = 11, I2 = 39.98 | 0.062(-0.38,0.505) N = 3, I2 = 0 | -0.222(-0.608, 0.164) N = 5, I2 = 53.7 |
Baseline mean of age | age < 50 | -0.098(-0.199, 0.003) N = 18, I2 = 69.85 | -0.423(-1.071,0.225) N = 6, I2 = 33.75 | -0.103(-0.441, 0.236) N = 6, I2 = 54.9 |
 | age ≥ 50 | -0.121(-0.199, 0.003) N = 17, I2 = 77.55 | -0.866(-2.177,0.446) N = 7, I2 = 77.02 | -0.198(-0.405, 0.01) N = 9, I2 = 17.24 |
Baseline mean of triglycerides | TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L | -0.364(-0.737, 0.008) N = 6, I2 = 86.44 | NA | -0.347(-0.809, 0.116) N = 4, I2 = 56.94 |
 | TG < 1.7 mmol/L | -0.061(-0.13, 0.009) N = 8, I2 = 10.2 | -0.198(-0.674,0.277) N = 5, I2 = 26.34 | 0.062(-0.148, 0.272) N = 6, I2 = 0 |
Whole grain products variety | 1–2 | -0.144(-0.287, -0.001)* N = 23, I2 = 80.60 | -0.836(-1.818,0.147) N = 10, I2 = 68.06 | -0.120(-0.413, 0.174) N = 7, I2 = 54.72 |
 | ≥ 5 | -0.101(-0.154, -0.048)*** N = 14, I2 = 19.41 | -0.414(-1.344,0.516) N = 3, I2 = 61.71 | -0.229(-0.440, -0.019)* N = 8, I2 = 0 |
Whole grain types | Rice | -0.305(-0.564, -0.045)* N = 11, I2 = 86.66 | -1.123(-2.922,0.675) N = 6, I2 = 78.87 | -0.324(-0.729, 0.082) N = 4, I2 = 57.44 |
 | Wheat | 0.019(-0.130, 0.168) N = 8, I2 = 68.27 | NA | -0.005(-0.267, 0.258) N = 4, I2 = 0 |
 | Others | -0.164(-0.434, 0.106) N = 6, I2 = 59.92 | -0.439(-1.566,0.689) N = 3, I2 = 0 | NA |
 | Mix | -0.092(-0.148, -0.035)** N = 12, I2 = 22.95 | -0.414(-1.344,0.516) N = 3, I2 = 61.71 | -0.261(-0.540, 0.019) N = 6, I2 = 22.57 |
Study quality | Low risk | -0.153(-0.254,- 0.053)** N = 25, I2 = 77.37 | -0.424(-0.899, 0.051) N = 7, I2 = 0 | -0.089(-0.251, 0.073) N = 12, I2 = 19.23 |
 | Uncertain | -0.091(-0.189, 0.007) N = 7, I2 = 24.51 | -0.151(-0.429, 0.127) N = 3, I2 = 90.43 | NA |
 | High risk | -0.082(-0.059, 0.223) N = 5, I2 = 37.73 | 0.170(-1.263 1.639) N = 3, I2 = 34.18 | NA |