Table 1 Demographic and cardiometabolic characteristics of Australian adults of avocado intake from the Australian Health Survey 2011–2013 survey
Characteristics | All (n = 2,736)* | Non consumers (n = 2,333)** | ‘Avocado consumers’ (n = 403)*** | P-valuea | Low consumers (n = 204)¶ | High consumers (n = 199)¶¶ | P-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | |||||||
Age, y | 49.07 (48.22, 49.92) | 49.12 (48.16, 50.08) | 48.80 (46.71, 50.89) | 0.79 | 49.09 (45.31, 52.88) | 48.50 (45.21, 51.79) | 0.84 |
Female % | 49.88 | 47.05 | 66.26 | ≤ 0.001 | 52.84 | 69.02 | 0.01 |
Highest level of education, % | 0.02 | 0.52 | |||||
Low | 35.63 | 35.56 | 36.05 | 35.87 | 30.24 | ||
Medium | 36.56 | 36.96 | 34.22 | 28.56 | 34.39 | ||
High | 27.81 | 25.93 | 38.63 | 34.49 | 36.49 | ||
Smoking | 0.11 | 0.64 | |||||
Smoker | 47.86 | 48.00 | 47.12 | 44.27 | 42.14 | ||
Never smoker | 52.14 | 50.46 | 61.85 | 54.66 | 58.97 | ||
Physical activity level | 0.05 | 0.81 | |||||
Sedentary | 36.04 | 37.11 | 29.87 | 27.48 | 27.34 | ||
Low | 28.82 | 27.84 | 34.28 | 29.53 | 33.84 | ||
Moderate | 21.36 | 20.61 | 25.73 | 22.58 | 24.73 | ||
High | 13.78 | 12.91 | 18.81 | 19.32 | 15.19 | ||
Meeting physical activity recommendations % | 47.43 | 45.54 | 58.39 | 0.03 | 56.04 | 51.11 | 0.37 |
Sedentary time, min/d | 337.04 (327.31, 346.75) | 338.53 (328.33, 348.73) | 329.20 (304.96, 353.45) | 0.47 | 343.03 (307.64, 378.41) | 315.34 (288.61, 342.08) | 0.18 |
Basal metabolic rate, MJ | 6.70 (6.64, 6.75) | 6.75 (6.69, 6.81) | 6.42(6.25, 6.59) | ≤ 0.001 | 6.51 (6.31, 6.72) | 6.33 (6.08, 6.58) | 0.23 |
Cardiometabolic | |||||||
Family history of diabetes (yes/no), % | 29.43 | 29.39 | 29.66 | 0.34 | 25.33 | 29.16 | 0.60 |
Weight, kg | 77.99 (77.20, 78.79) | 78.70 (77.81, 79.59) | 74.3 (72.01, 76.58) | ≤ 0.001 | 75.19 (72.56, 77.83) | 73.40 (69.74, 77.06) | 0.43 |
Height, cm | 168.75 (168.30, 169.20) | 168.97 (168.44, 169.49) | 167.61 (166.29, 168.93) | 0.07 | 168.26 (166.50, 170.02) | 166.96 (165.31, 168.61) | 0.23 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.30 (27.06, 27.54) | 27.49 (27.21, 27.77) | 26.29 (25.65, 26.93) | ≤ 0.001 | 26.45 (25.55, 27.35) | 26.12 (25.13, 27.12) | 0.64 |
Waist circumference, cm | 92.78 (92.06, 93.49) | 93.34 (92.51, 94.17) | 89.82 (87.98, 91.67) | ≤ 0.001 | 90.83 (88.52, 93.14) | 88.82 (85.66, 91.97) | 0.33 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.10 (5.05, 5.14) | 5.08 (5.03, 5.13) | 5.17 (5.03, 5.30) | 0.26 | 5.18 (5.01, 5.34) | 5.16 (4.95, 5.36) | 0.89 |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.35 (1.33, 1.37) | 1.33 (1.31, 1.35) | 1.44 (1.40, 1.48) | ≤ 0.001 | 1.48 (1.41, 1.54) | 1.40 (1.34, 1.47) | 0.13 |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.15 (3.12, 3.19) | 3.15 (3.11, 3.19) | 3.16 (3.05, 3.27) | 0.95 | 3.16 (3.02, 3.30) | 3.16 (2.98, 3.34) | 0.99 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.28 (1.25, 1.31) | 1.29 (1.26, 1.33) | 1.23 (1.12,1.34) | 0.30 | 1.17 (1.07, 1.28) | 1.29 (1.11, 1.46) | 0.25 |
Apolipoprotein B, g/L | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 0.56 | 1.00 (0.95, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 0.70 |
Plasma glucose, mmol/L | 5.12 (5.08, 5.16) | 5.13 (5.09, 5.18) | 5.03 (4.94, 5.12) | 0.03 | 5.13 (4.99, 5.27) | 4.93 (4.81, 5.04) | 0.04 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol | 36.10 (35.86, 36.33) | 36.19 (35.91, 36.47) | 35.62 (35.02, 36.22) | 0.12 | 36.38 (35.27, 37.48) | 34.87 (34.13, 35.62) | 0.04 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 122.80 (121.88, 123.71) | 123.08 (122.18, 123.98) | 121.31 (119.11, 123.50) | 0.11 | 121.61 (118.63, 124.59) | 121.00 (117.41, 124.59) | 0.80 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 76.53 (75.96, 77.10) | 76.59 (76.04, 77.15) | 76.19 (74.59, 77.78) | 0.61 | 75.28 (73.43, 77.13) | 77.10 (74.56, 79.64) | 0.24 |