Table 1 Baseline table by clusters of carbohydrate-rich foods in participants in the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort (n = 26 622)1,2
Variables | Cluster membership | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High refined carbs/Low fruit & veg | High vegetables/Low added sugar | High sugar-sweetened beverages | High juice | High fruit | |
Mean (95% CI) or % | Mean (95% CI) or % | Mean (95% CI) or % | Mean (95% CI) or % | Mean (95% CI) or % | |
N | 13 622 | 2168 | 2119 | 3682 | 5031 |
Sex, % males | 51.8 | 15.6 | 44.0 | 24.6 | 21.6 |
Age, y | 57.8 (57.6, 57.9) | 56.6 (56.2, 56.9) | 58.0 (57.7, 58.3) | 58.2 (57.9, 58.4) | 59.0 (58.8, 59.2) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.4 (25.3, 25.5) | 26.2 (26.0, 26.3) | 26.1 (26.0, 26.3) | 25.5 (25.4, 25.6) | 25.9 (25.8, 26.1) |
Waist circumference, cm | 83.4 (83.2, 83.5) | 84.4 (84.0, 84.8) | 85.3 (84.9, 85.8) | 83.2 (82.9, 83.5) | 83.7 (83.5, 84.0) |
Body fat, % | 26.6 (26.5, 26.7) | 27.2 (27.0, 27.4) | 27.2 (27.0, 27.4) | 26.7 (26.5, 26.8) | 27.1 (26.9, 27.2) |
Hb A1c, % | 4.84 (4.82, 4.85) | 4.79 (4.74, 4.83) | 4.79 (4.74, 4.84) | 4.80 (4.77, 4.84) | 4.77 (4.75, 4.80) |
High plasma glucose, > 5.6 mmol/L, % | 47.1 | 37.1 | 49.3 | 40.6 | 39.5 |
HOMA-IR | 1.61 (1.56, 1.66) | 1.51 (1.40, 1.63) | 1.91 (1.78, 2.05) | 1.48 (1.39, 1.58) | 1.58 (1.50, 1.66) |
LTPA, < 7.5 METh/week, % | 10.7 | 6.7 | 13.3 | 8.3 | 6.7 |
Alcohol, zero consumers, % | 5.1 | 6.9 | 9.0 | 6.9 | 6.6 |
Smoking, current smoker, % | 32.5 | 21.0 | 31.5 | 27.3 | 19.8 |
Education, university degree, % | 13.0 | 21.0 | 11.2 | 16.9 | 15.2 |
Energy misreporters, % | 15.5 | 33.7 | 17.5 | 16.7 | 20.6 |
Dietary change in the past, % | 17.8 | 42.3 | 23.3 | 20.5 | 26.9 |
EAT-Lancet index, points | 17.0 (16.9, 17.0) | 21.0 (20.9, 21.2) | 16.5 (16.4, 16.6) | 18.2 (18.1, 18.3) | 19.4 (19.3, 19.5) |
Dietary variables | |||||
Energy, kcal/d | 2365 (2355, 2374) | 1967 (1944, 1991) | 2349 (2325, 2373) | 2261 (2243, 2279) | 2166 (2151, 2182) |
Alcohol, E% | 3.42 (3.36, 3.48) | 3.34 (3.19, 3.49) | 2.75 (2.61, 2.90) | 3.30 (3.18, 3.41) | 3.14 (3.05, 3.24) |
Protein, E% | 15.8 (15.7, 15.8) | 17.1 (17.0, 17.2) | 14.6 (14.5, 14.7) | 15.5 (15.5, 15.6) | 15.8 (15.7, 15.8) |
Fat, E% | 41.1 (41.0, 41.2) | 36.3 (36.1, 36.6) | 37.0 (36.8, 37.2) | 37.5 (37.3, 37.7) | 36.7 (36.5, 36.8) |
Carbohydrates, E% | 43.2 (43.1, 43.3) | 46.6 (46.4, 46.8) | 48.4 (48.2, 48.7) | 47.0 (46.8, 47.1) | 47.6 (47.4, 47.7) |
Monosaccharides, E% | 5.9 (5.8, 5.9) | 9.3 (9.2, 9.4) | 8.2 (8.1, 8.3) | 9.2 (9.1, 9.3) | 9.2 (9.2, 9.3) |
Disaccharides, E% | 12.4 (12.4, 12.5) | 12.0 (11.8, 12.2) | 17.0 (16.9, 17.2) | 13.2 (13.1, 13.3) | 13.0 (12.9, 13.1) |
Sucrose, E% | 8.0 (7.9, 8.0) | 7.8 (7.7, 7.9) | 12.9 (12.8, 13.0) | 8.9 (8.8, 9.0) | 8.8 (8.7, 8.9) |
Added sugar, E% | 10.0 (9.9, 10.1) | 8.0 (7.8, 8.1) | 16.0 (15.9, 16.2) | 9.5 (9.4, 9.6) | 9.3 (9.2, 9.4) |
Fiber, g/1000 kcal | 8.4 (8.3, 8.4) | 12.7 (12.6, 12.8) | 8.2 (8.1, 8.3) | 9.2 (9.1, 9.2) | 11.1 (11.0, 11.1) |
Fish, g/1000 kcal | 17.8 (17.6, 18.1) | 23.9 (23.3, 24.5) | 16.3 (15.7, 16.9) | 18.4 (18.0, 18.9) | 19.6 (19.2, 20.0) |
Red meat, g/1000 kcal | 54.3 (53.9, 54.6) | 47.7 (46.8, 48.6) | 51.5 (50.6, 52.4) | 49.0 (48.3, 49.7) | 48.3 (47.7, 48.9) |
Coffee, g/1000 kcal | 254 (251, 258) | 245 (237, 254) | 220 (212, 229) | 219 (213, 226) | 231 (226, 237) |
Cluster variables (g/1000 kcal) | |||||
Potato, boiled or baked | 48.2 (47.8, 48.7) | 41.7 (40.5, 42.8) | 44.1 (43.0, 45.3) | 43.4 (42.6, 44.3) | 44.4 (43.6, 45.2) |
Potato, deep-fried + fried | 8.41 (8.22, 8.60) | 5.52 (5.04, 6.00) | 8.07 (7.60, 8.53) | 7.24 (6.89, 7.60) | 6.58 (6.27, 6.89) |
Fruits | 61.0 (60.3, 61.8) | 142.8 (140.9, 144.6) | 77.8 (76.0, 79.6) | 88.4 (87.1, 89.8) | 170.8 (169.6, 172.0) |
Vegetables | 68.4 (67.8, 69.0) | 192.7 (191.2, 194.2) | 71.8 (70.3, 73.3) | 81.5 (80.4, 82.7) | 87.2 (86.2, 88.2) |
Juice | 11.2 (10.7, 11.8) | 22.2 (20.8, 23.5) | 23.0 (21.6, 24.4) | 113.8 (112.8, 114.9) | 17.7 (16.8, 18.6) |
Sugar-sweetened beverages | 20.2 (19.5, 20.9) | 14.8 (13.1, 16.6) | 196.9 (195.2, 198.7) | 21.9 (20.6, 23.2) | 20.4 (19.2, 21.5) |
Pastries | 17.8 (17.6, 18.0) | 13.5 (13.0, 14.0) | 16.3 (15.8, 16.8) | 16.2 (15.8, 16.6) | 16.3 (16.0, 16.7) |
Chocolate | 3.80 (3.72, 3.88) | 2.64 (2.44, 2.83) | 3.23 (3.04, 3.43) | 3.19 (3.04, 3.34) | 3.14 (3.01, 3.26) |
Sweets | 3.01 (2.92, 3.10) | 1.88 (1.66, 2.11) | 3.27 (3.05, 3.49) | 2.49 (2.32, 2.65) | 2.45 (2.30, 2.59) |
Table sugar | 4.48 (4.39, 4.58) | 2.54 (2.30, 2.78) | 4.56 (4.32, 4.80) | 3.69 (3.51, 3.87) | 3.21 (3.06, 3.37) |
Ice cream | 4.96 (4.83, 5.09) | 5.94 (5.60, 6.28) | 5.76 (5.43, 6.09) | 5.45 (5.20, 5.71) | 6.16 (5.94, 6.38) |
Marmalade/honey/jam | 7.59 (7.46, 7.72) | 6.13 (5.81, 6.45) | 7.29 (7.00, 7.61) | 7.46 (7.22, 7.70) | 7.35 (7.15, 7.56) |
Ketchup | 0.87 (0.84, 0.89) | 0.79 (0.73, 0.85) | 0.84 (0.78, 0.90) | 0.83 (0.79, 0.88) | 0.75 (0.71, 0.79) |
Flour | 3.41 (3.35, 3.46) | 3.58 (3.44, 3.71) | 3.16 (3.03, 3.30) | 3.55 (3.45, 3.65) | 3.63 (3.54, 3.72) |
Grains/cereals, < 10% fiber | 4.50 (4.39, 4.61) | 5.77 (5.50, 6.04) | 3.89 (3.62, 4.16) | 5.00 (4.79, 5.21) | 5.40 (5.22, 5.58) |
Grains/cereals, ≥ 10% fiber | 0.05 (0.04, 0.06) | 0.08 (0.05, 0.11) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.08) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.06) | 0.06 (0.04, 0.08) |
Soft bread, < 4.5% fiber | 30.5 (30.2, 30.9) | 19.3 (18.4, 20.2) | 28.1 (27.2, 29.0) | 23.7 (23.0, 24.4) | 22.3 (21.7, 22.9) |
Soft bread, ≥ 4.5% fiber | 16.3 (16.0, 16.6) | 18.8 (18.0, 19.6) | 13.4 (12.6, 14.2) | 16.8 (16.2, 17.5) | 17.9 (17.3, 18.4) |
Crisp bread, < 10% fiber | 2.32 (2.26, 2.38) | 2.30 (2.15, 2.45) | 2.45 (2.30, 2.60) | 2.21 (2.10, 2.33) | 2.31 (2.21, 2.41) |
Crisp bread, ≥ 10% fiber | 4.98 (4.87, 5.09) | 7.25 (6.97, 7.52) | 4.55 (4.28, 4.82) | 5.54 (5.33, 5.75) | 6.32 (6.14, 6.50) |
Rice/pasta | 5.09 (4.99, 5.19) | 6.93 (6.68, 7.19) | 4.96 (4.71, 5.21) | 5.38 (5.19, 5.57) | 5.55 (5.38, 5.72) |