Table 2 Risk of bias assessment using the Cochran scoring method
Study | Random sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Selective reporting | Other sources of bias | Blinding (participants and personnel) | Blinding (outcome assessment) | Incomplete outcome data | General risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RISerus et al. 2002 [44] | L | H | H | L | L | U | H | High |
Moloney et al. 2004 [35] | L | H | H | L | L | U | L | Moderate |
Naumann et al. 2006 [45] | L | H | H | L | L | U | L | Moderate |
Schmitt et al. 2006 [46] | L | H | H | L | L | U | L | Moderate |
Zhao et al. 2009 [36] | L | H | H | H | L | U | L | High |
Norris et al. 2009 [42] | L | L | H | L | L | U | L | Low |
Shadman et al. 2010 [37] | L | H | H | H | L | L | L | High |
Joseph et al. 2011 [34] | L | H | H | H | L | U | H | High |
Shadman et al. 2013 [38] | L | H | H | L | L | U | L | Moderate |
Carvalho et al. 2013 | L | H | H | H | L | U | L | High |
Eftekhari et al. 2013 [41] | L | L | H | H | L | U | L | Moderate |
Ebrahimi-Mameghani et al. 2016 [40] | L | L | H | L | L | L | L | Low |
Abedi et al. 2018 [39] | L | L | H | L | H | H | L | High |