Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract ameliorates metabolic syndrome risk factors in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized double-blind clinical trial

Table 4 Lipid and glycemic profile changes of placebo and PP groups during the study

Variables	Group	Before	P _value	After	P _value*	Changes	P _value**	P _value#
FBS (mg/dl)	Placebo	102.56 ± 20.87	0.10	102.89 ± 20.40	0.78	0.32 ± 0.07	0.02	0.02
FBS (mg/dl)	PP	96.28 ± 9.90	0.10	91.15 ± 55	0.02	-5.28 ± 1.36	0.02	0.02
Insulin (µIU/ml)	Placebo	19.14 ± 11.35	0.83	21.92 ± 18.12	0.29	2.78 ± 1.57	0.81	0.93
Insulin (µIU/ml)	PP	19.57 ± 6.17	0.83	21.30 ± 23.31	0.63	1.73 ± 2.27	0.81	0.93
HOMA-IR	Placebo	4.95 ± 3.05	0.63	5.64 ± 4.60	0.29	0.39 ± 0.68	0.93	0.87
HOMA-IR	PP	4.68 ± 1.83	0.63	5.51 ± 10.38	0.61	0.83 ± 1.20	0.93	0.87
TG/FBS index	Placebo	8.50 ± 0.49	0.02	8.50 ± 0.52	0.65	-0.008 ± 0.11	< 0.001	< 0.001
TG/FBS index	PP	8.83 ± 0.38	0.02	8.66 ± 0.35	< 0.001	-0.16 ± 0.11	< 0.001	< 0.001
TC (mg/dl)	Placebo	172.59 ± 23.05	0.57	175.80 ± 21.53	0.055	3.21 ± 0.95	< 0.001	< 0.001
TC (mg/dl)	PP	175.66 ± 24.52	0.57	165.15 ± 22.74	< 0.001	-10.51 ± 0.77	< 0.001	< 0.001
TG (mg/dl)	Placebo	108.64 ± 49.80	0.06	109.1 ± 47.60	0.86	0.27 ± 0.96	< 0.001	< 0.001
TG (mg/dl)	PP	151.38 ± 49.90	0.06	135.35 ± 42.20	< 0.001	-16.02 ± 1.7	< 0.001	< 0.001
HDL-C (mg/dl)	Placebo	41.70 ± 5.36	0.68	42.70 ± 5.36	0.02	0.70 ± 0.18	< 0.001	< 0.001
HDL-C (mg/dl)	PP	42.28 ± 6.95	0.68	47.38 ± 7.02	< 0.001	5.10 ± 0.36	< 0.001	< 0.001
LDL-C (mg/dl)	Placebo	89.48 ± 12.59	0.06	90.89 ± 12.73	0.16	1.40 ± 2.90	< 0.001	< 0.001
LDL-C (mg/dl)	PP	95.82 ± 14.6	0.06	86.48 ± 11.32	< 0.001	-9.33 ± 6.66	< 0.001	< 0.001
Chol/HDL-C	Placebo	4.16 ± 0.49	0.53	4.17 ± 0.45	0.79	0.009 ± 0.21	< 0.001	< 0.001
Chol/HDL-C	PP	4.29 ± 1.24	0.53	3.55 ± 0.76	< 0.001	-0.74 ± 0.73	< 0.001	< 0.001

Data is presented as Mean ± SD.
P and P** are extracted from 2 independent sample t test. P* is extracted from paired t test for raw model. Also, P# is presented adjusted model by baseline values, and potential confounders including weight, energy intake and physical activity, with ANCOVA.
“Changes” represent before and after changes in raw model; “PP” is for Pomegranate Peel group.
Chol: Cholesterol, dl: Deciliter, FBS: Fasting Blood Sugar, HDL-C: High Density Lipoprotein- Cholesterol, HOMA-IR: Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, µIU: Micro International Unit, mg: Milligrams, ml: Milliliter, LDL-C: Low Density Lipoprotein- Cholesterol, TC: Total Cholesterol, TG: Triglyceride,

ISSN: 1475-2891