Table 1 Participant Baseline Characteristics

Age (years)

46.00 (31.00, 62.00)

45.00 (31.00, 61.00)

49.00 (36.00, 63.00)

50.00 (38.00, 62.00)

< 0.001

Race

Mexican American

101 (15.6%)

116 (18.1%)

101 (15.6%)

65 (10.1%)

< 0.001

Non-Hispanic White

196 (30.2%)

207 (32.2%)

274 (42.3%)

420 (65.2%)

Non-Hispanic Black

238 (36.7%)

167 (26%)

111 (17.2%)

58 (9%)

Others

114 (17.6%)

152 (23.7%)

161 (24.9%)

101 (15.7%)

Sex (Female)

305 (47%)

305 (47.5%)

291 (45%)

260 (40.4%)

0.041

Education

<=High School diploma

329 (50.7%)

309 (48.3%)

303 (46.9%)

300 (46.6%)

0.437

>High School diploma

320 (49.3%)

331 (51.7%)

343 (53.1%)

344 (53.4%)

Marriage

Married

/Living with partner

343 (52.9%)

385 (60%)

408 (63.1%)

412 (64%)

< 0.001

Widowed/Separated

/Divorced

155 (23.9%)

116 (18.1%)

127 (19.6%)

149 (23.1%)

Never married

151 (23.3%)

141 (22%)

112 (17.3%)

83 (12.9%)

Smoke

< 100 cigarretes

554 (85.4%)

538 (83.8%)

503 (77.7%)

444 (68.9%)

< 0.001

>= 100 cigarretes

95 (14.6%)

104 (16.2%)

144 (22.3%)

200 (31.1%)

Drink

< 12 drinks/year

194 (29.9%)

169 (26.3%)

152 (23.5%)

116 (18%)

< 0.001

>= 12 drinks/year

455 (70.1%)

473 (73.7%)

495 (76.5%)

528 (82%)

BMI (kg/m²)

27.96 (24.20, 32.80)

27.43 (24.17, 32.08)

27.80 (24.33, 32.52)

28.18 (24.80, 32.39)

0.404

Hyperglycemia

86 (13.3%)

89 (13.9%)

109 (16.8%)

83 (12.9%)

0.160

Hypertension

228 (35.1%)

218 (34%)

242 (37.4%)

214 (33.2%)

0.417

CVD

60 (9.2%)

59 (9.2%)

61 (9.4%)

52 (8.1%)

0.827

Cancer

51 (7.9%)

49 (7.7%)

57 (8.8%)

71 (11%)

0.127

Comorbidities

0

420 (64.7%)

386 (60.1%)

380 (58.7%)

356 (55.3%)

0.030

< 3

214 (33%)

233 (36.3%)

243 (37.6%)

260 (40.4%)

>=3

15 (2.3%)

23 (3.6%)

24 (3.7%)

28 (4.3%)

Serum lipids

LDL (mmol/L)

2.90 (2.30, 3.41)

2.90 (2.35, 3.58)

3.05 (2.40, 3.70)

3.08 (2.46, 3.70)

0.046

HDL (mmol/L)

1.32 (1.09, 1.60)

1.29 (1.06, 1.53)

1.27 (1.06, 1.55)

1.25 (1.06, 1.55)

0.163

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.84 (4.22, 5.61)

4.89 (4.19, 5.59)

5.07 (4.32, 5.79)

5.09 (4.40, 5.83)

< 0.001

Thyroid function

TSH (mU/L)

1.50 (1.02, 2.23)

1.48 (1.04, 2.12)

1.43 (1.03, 2.07)

1.56 (1.11, 2.28)

0.140

FT3 (pg/mL)

3.12 (2.90, 3.40)

3.18 (2.96, 3.41)

3.15 (2.94, 3.41)

3.17 (2.95, 3.40)

0.243

FT4 (pmol/L)

10.30 (9.00, 11.50)

10.30 (9.30, 11.50)

10.30 (9.30, 11.60)

10.30 (9.00, 11.50)

0.281

TPOAb (U/mL)

0.60 (0.30, 1.3)

0.60 (0.30, 1.60)

0.60 (0.30, 1.40)

0.60 (0.30, 1.40)

0.499

Diet

Energy (kcal/d)

1855.00

(1328.00, 2455.00)

1932.00

(1402.00, 2553.00)

1989.00

(1512.50, 2643.50)

2158.50

(1650.60, 2910.00)

< 0.001

Protein (gm/d)

72.66 (50.57, 99.05)

73.44 (50.16, 96.94)

77.86 (53.52, 102.75)

81.08 (57.23, 113.02)

< 0.001

Carbohydrate (gm/d)

221.83

(164.04, 294.95)

239.40

(177.41, 318.37)

240.70

(186.15, 332.27)

260.88

(191.57, 345.20)

< 0.001

Fat (gm/d)

64.28 (40.41, 96.49)

64.71 (45.22, 99.0)

73.18 (49.68, 101.31)

83.03 (56.52, 114.80)

< 0.001

Vitamin D (mcg/d)

5.40 (1.90, 13.70)

4.10 (1.60, 11.10)

5.60 (2.20, 14.45)

5.50 (2.05, 14.05)

0.0024

Calcium (mg/d)

918.00

(569.00, 1404.00)

849.00

(569.00, 1250.00)

956.00

(637.00, 1412.00)

991.50

(644.50, 1503.00)

< 0.001

Magnesium (mg/d)

275.00(200.00, 380.00)

264.50 (205.00, 363.00)

304.00 (211.00, 399.00)

318.50 (243.00, 451.00)

< 0.001

Iron (mg/d)

13.31 (9.06, 21.38)

13.69 (9.57, 19.61)

15.18 (10.00, 23.32)

15.40 (10.45, 23.02)

< 0.001

Zinc (mg/d)

11.23 (7.33, 18.96)

10.36 (7.08, 16.10)

12.76 (7.93, 20.26)

12.56 (8.06, 20.68)

< 0.001

Selenium (mg/d)

106.90 (70.70, 160.40)

106.95 (73.30, 147.50)

120.40 (80.30, 171.25)

122.70 (76.90, 170.60)

< 0.001

Urinary iodine (ug/L)

135.60 (72.60, 244.90)

134.75 (70.80, 242.30)

136.00 (82.45, 219.95)

129.70 (68.30, 212.60)

0.207