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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the GDM and control groups

From: Genetic variants in epoxyeicosatrienoic acid processing and degradation pathways are associated with gestational diabetes mellitus

Traits

Overall (n = 2548)

Control (n = 1610)

GDM (n = 938)

P

Age,yr

31.79 ± 4.08

31.59 ± 4.05

32.14 ± 4.11

0.001

Prepregnancy BMI,kg/m2

20.96 (19.30–22.85)

20.81 (19.22–22.66)

21.23 (19.53–23.22)

< 0.001

Gestational age at delivery,weeks

39.29 (38.57,40.00)

39.43 (38.71–40.14)

39.14 (38.29–40.00)

< 0.001

BMI change,kg/m2

5.02 (3.95–6.09)

5.34 (4.35–6.29)

4.43 (3.33–5.55)

< 0.001

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

109.08 ± 10.28

108.25 ± 9.86

110.50 ± 10.82

< 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

66.93 ± 8.20

66.27 ± 7.90

68.06 ± 8.57

< 0.001

Multiparous, n (%)

1167 (45.8)

727 (45.2)

440 (46.9)

0.392

History of GDM, n (%)

81 (3.2)

11 (0.7)

70 (7.5)

< 0.001

History of PCOS, n (%)

26 (1.0)

3 (0.2)

23 (2.5)

< 0.001

Family history of diabetes,n (%)

296 (11.6)

72 (4.5)

224 (23.9)

< 0.001

FPG, mmol/L

4.47 (4.24–4.75)

4.39 (4.18–4.61)

4.68 (4.38–5.11)

< 0.001

1 h-PG, mmol/L

8.28 (7.01–9.63)

7.50 (6.52–8.38)

10.06 (9.12–10.63)

< 0.001

2 h-PG, mmol/L

7.09 (6.11–8.44)

6.46 (5.76–7.19)

8.79 (7.98–9.44)

< 0.001

GAUC, mmol/L·h

14.09 (12.39–16.05)

12.89 (11.73–14.13)

16.54 (15.67–17.55)

< 0.001

DCCT-HbA1c,a %

5.2 (5.0–5.4)

5.2 (5.0–5.3)

5.3 (5.1–5.5)

< 0.001

IFCC-HbA1c,b mmol/mol

33.3 (31.1–35.5)

33.3 (31.1–34.4)

34.4 (32.2–36.6)

 

Fasting insulin, mU/L

8.96 (6.18–12.77)

8.85 (6.04–12.76)

9.10 (6.40–12.80)

0.126

HOMA-β

188.98 (129.13–271.40)

208.77 (145.65–297.65)

158.38 (109.50–228.50)

< 0.001

HOMA-IR

1.79 (1.19–2.60)

1.71 (1.16–2.51)

1.90 (1.29–2.80)

< 0.001

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

5.70 (4.96–6.66)

5.63 (4.87–6.43)

5.79 (5.10–6.50)

< 0.001

Triglyceride, mmol/L

2.17 (1.71–2.83)

2.07 (1.64–2.73)

2.32 (1.88–2.94)

< 0.001

LDL-C, mmol/L

2.94 (2.42–3.55)

2.80 (2.32–3.35)

3.24 (2.62–3.91)

< 0.001

HDL-C, mmol/L

1.88 (1.61–2.16)

1.84 (1.58–2.12)

1.95 (1.66–2.25)

< 0.001

Initial cesarean section c, n/total n(%)

405/2045 (19.8)

254/1299 (19.6)

151/746 (20.2)

0.707

Preterm delivery d, n(%)

124 (4.9)

62 (3.9)

62 (6.7)

0.002

Macrosomia e, n(%)

139 (5.5)

88 (5.5)

51 (5.5)

0.999

Insulin therapy, n(%)

97 (3.8)

-

97 (10.3)

< 0.001

  1. Data are presented as the mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or n (%). The Wilcoxon test was used for continuous variables with skewed distribution. The chi-square test was used for categorical variables. P values < 0.05 are written in bold letters.
  2. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 1 h-PG, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) one-hour plasma glucose; 2 h-PG, OGTT two-hour plasma glucose; GAUC, area under the curve of glucose from the 75-g OGTT; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment index of β-cell secretion; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.
  3. a Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) units of HbA1c values. b International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) units of HbA1c values.c woman without a history of caesarean section. d birth of an infant before completion of 37 weeks of gestation is defined as preterm delivery. e Excessive birth weight, usually defined as > 4000.
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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