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Table 2 Demographic characteristics of participants across tertiles of dietary patterns

From: Association of major dietary patterns with advanced glycation end products and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus

 

“Western” dietary pattern

 

“Unhealthy” dietary pattern

 

“Traditional” dietary pattern

 

“Semi-healthy” dietary pattern

 

T1

T2

T3

P*

 

T1

T2

T3

P*

 

T1

T2

T3

P*

 

T1

T2

T3

P*

Age (y)

35.0 ± 12.4

30.9 ± 9.6

30.9 ± 10.2

0.03

 

34.2 ± 11.9

32.8 ± 10.4

29.8 ± 10.1

0.04

 

33.3 ± 11.4

32.5 ± 10.1

30.9 ± 11.2

0.39

 

32.2 ± 12.4

32.1 ± 10.7

32.5 ± 9.7

0.97

BMI (kg/m2)

24.9 ± 3.7

25.0 ± 3.8

24.3 ± 3.5

0.51

 

25.0 ± 3.9

24.9 ± 3.5

24.4 ± 3.6

0.66

 

24.6 ± 3.4

26.6 ± 4.2

24.1 ± 3.3

0.05

 

24.6 ± 3.6

24.8 ± 4.3

24.8 ± 3.1

0.92

PA (MET-h/wk)

454 ± 357

486 ± 495

508 ± 480

0.76

 

535 ± 508

472 ± 379

441 ± 446

0.42

 

507 ± 458

488 ± 443

453 ± 444

0.75

 

392 ± 324

528 ± 467

527 ± 519

0.10

HbA1c (%)

8.0 ± 1.5

7.9 ± 1.5

8.3 ± 1.6

0.28

 

8.1 ± 1.9

8.2 ± 1.4

8.0 ± 1.3

0.67

 

7.8 ± 1.4

8.2 ± 1.6

8.3 ± 1.6

0.22

 

8.3 ± 1.6

8.0 ± 1.7

8.0 ± 1.4

0.53

Daily insulin dose (unit)

50.7 ± 15.5

51.4 ± 18.6

55.5 ± 18.8

0.20

 

49.5 ± 14.4

50.0 ± 17.8

58.1 ± 19.6

0.003

 

53.4 ± 22.1

52.9 ± 15.9

51.3 ± 14.6

0.76

 

53.7 ± 19.6

51.3 ± 15.1

52.6 ± 18.5

0.71

Female %

71.1

67.5

47.4

< 0.01

 

63.2

74.0

48.7

< 0.01

 

59.2

71.4

55.3

0.10

 

69.7

71.4

44.7

< 0.01

Current smoker %

18.4

16.9

25.0

0.41

 

17.1

15.6

27.6

0.12

 

18.4

19.5

22.4

0.82

 

89.5

79.2

71.1

0.02

DM-related training (yes %)

85.5

80.5

85.5

0.62

 

88.2

84.4

78.9

0.30

 

93.4

81.8

76.3

0.01

 

76.3

89.6

85.5

0.07

Married %

56.6

35.1

38.2

0.01

 

42.1

49.4

38.2

0.36

 

40.8

48.1

40.8

0.57

 

43.4

44.2

42.1

0.96

University educated %

67.1

64.9

60.5

0.69

 

60.5

67.5

64.5

0.66

 

69.7

63.6

59.2

0.39

 

46.1

71.4

75.0

< 0.01

DM duration (> 10 y %)

72.4

63.6

71.1

0.45

 

78.9

68.8

59.2

0.03

 

71.1

76.6

59.2

0.06

 

69.7

71.4

65.8

0.74

Drug use (yes %) b

28.9

26.0

15.8

0.13

 

23.7

27.3

19.7

0.54

 

26.3

26.0

18.4

0.43

 

27.6

27.3

15.8

0.14

Insulin type %

   

0.30

    

0.31

    

0.61

    

0.26

Lantus and NovoRapid

65.8

67.5

61.8

  

64.5

67.5

63.2

  

67.1

66.2

61.8

  

61.8

67.5

65.8

 

NPH and Regular

25.0

13.0

26.3

  

17.1

22.1

25.0

  

18.4

20.8

25.0

  

27.6

19.5

17.1

 

Lantus and Apidra

3.9

9.1

2.6

  

3.9

6.5

5.3

  

5.3

3.9

6.6

  

3.9

7.8

3.9

 

Levemir and NovoRapid

5.3

3.9

5.3

  

7.9

0

6.6

  

5.3

6.5

2.6

  

2.6

2.6

9.2

 
  1. Data are presented as mean ± SD or percent
  2. Abbreviation: BMI: body mass index, DM: diabetes mellitus, PA: physical activity
  3. *Obtained from the analysis of variance (ANOVA) or chi-squared test, where appropriate
  4. b Considered as the use of antihypertensive medication, lipid lowering medication and Levothyroxine
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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