Table 1 Characteristics of included studies in this meta-analysis
Study ID | Country | Study design | Duration of follow-up (years) | Sample size | Age (mean ± SD or range) | Gender (M/F) | Outcome | Study quality | Variables adjusted or matched |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li et al (2021) | China | Cross-sectional | NR | 53,916 | 52.5 ± 9.9 | 22,591/31325 | hypertension | 7 | cigarettes consumption, alcohol consumption, physical activity, meat consumption, fruit consumption, BMI, WC, snoring, and sleep duration |
Zhou et al (2020) | China | Cross-sectional | NR | 3324 | 18.51 | 1372/1952 | hypertension | 6 | age, gender, physical activity, current smoking status, and current alcohol intake |
Na et al (2019) | China | Cross-sectional | NR | 57,555 | 30–79 | 23,254/34301 | overweight and obesity | 7 | Age, marital status, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, frequency of intake of rice, pasta, cereals, meats, eggs, vegetables, fruits and dairy products |
Wang et al (2019) | China | Cross-sectional | NR | 28,773 | 55.39 ± 12.36 | 11,721/17052 | obesity | 8 | age, gender, education, marital status, tobacco use, alcohol use, physical activity, and carbohydrate energy intake |
Zhang et al (2018) | China | Cross-sectional | NR | 1549 | 72.7 | 737/812 | blood lipid levels | 8 | rural residence, ethnicity, age, education, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diabetes, BMI, daily dietary intake of daily total energy, daily vegetable intake, and daily fruit intake |
Xue et al (2018) | China | Cross-sectional | NR | 9273 | 18–99 | 4423/4850 | hypertension | 7 | age, gender, nationality, education, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, dietary intake of total energy, vegetable, fruits, cereals, and meats |
Page et al (2017) | China | Cohort | 9 | 12,970 | ≥ 20 | 6485/6485 | obesity | 8 | intake of fat, smoking, alcohol drinking, income, urban, education, physical activity, and dietary patterns (traditional south pattern; a modern dietary pattern) |
Wang et al (2017) | China | Cross-sectional | NR | 15,683 | 56.32 ± 9.66 | 5907/9776 | obesity | 8 | age, education, tobacco use, alcohol use, physical activity, marital status, energy intake, various spices, high fat intake, and more vegetables and fruits intake |
Zhu et al (2017) | China | Cross-sectional | NR | 6774 | 18–65 | 3184/3590 | blood lipid levels | 7 | age, sex, nationality, education, smoking status, alcohol consumption, BMI, physical activity, dietary intake of total energy, vegetables, dietary intakes of carbohydrate, fat, and cholesterol |