Daily food insecurity is associated with diet quality, but not energy intake, in winter and during COVID-19, among low-income adults

Jimenez Rincon, Sara; Dou, Nan; Murray-Kolb, Laura E.; Hudy, Kristen; Mitchell, Diane C.; Li, Runze; Na, Muzi

doi:10.1186/s12937-022-00768-y

Table 3 The adjusted associations between daily food insecurity score and energy intake, diet quality, and HEI component scores in the overall sample and in sample stratified by season and by COVID-19 period^a

From: Daily food insecurity is associated with diet quality, but not energy intake, in winter and during COVID-19, among low-income adults

	All^b		By season				By COVID period
	All^b		Fall^c		Winter^c		Before Covid-19^d		During Covid-19^d
	b (95% CI)	P-value	b (95% CI)	P-value	b (95% CI)	P-value	b (95% CI)	P-value	b (95% CI)	P-value
N of person-days	324		178		146		214		110
Total diet
Total energy, kcal^e	-7.58 (-125.50, 110.30)	0.90	2.35 (-144.00, 148.90)	0.98	-39.60 (-216.80, 137.70)	0.66	69.86 (-67.30, 207.00)	0.32	-136.90 (-296.00, 22.10)	0.09
HEI, score^e	-2.40 (-4.80, -0.01)	0.05	-1.05 (-3.87, 1.79)	0.47	-7.10 (-11.04, -3.15)	< 0.001	-2.45 (-6.21, 1.31)	0.20	-3.80 (-6.08, -1.53)	0.001
Food and food group
Total fruit, cup	-0.10 (-0.19, -0.01)	0.02	-0.07 (-0.17, 0.03)	0.17	-0.17 (-0.32, -0.02)	0.03	-0.20 (-0.32, -0.07)	0.003	0.08 (-0.07, 0.22)	0.30
Whole fruit, cup	-0.05 (-0.14, 0.03)	0.23	-0.06 (-0.16, 0.04)	0.28	-0.18 (-0.30, -0.05)	0.007	-0.16 (-0.28, -0.04)	0.009	0.09 (-0.08, 0.25)	0.31
Total vegetable, cup	0.04 (-0.21, 0.29)	0.78	0.08 (-0.22, 0.37)	0.62	-0.11 (-0.39, 0.17)	0.44	-0.13 (-0.39, 0.13)	0.34	0.23 (-0.03, 0.49)	0.08
Greens and beans, cup	-0.05 (-0.11, -0.01)	0.05	-0.05 (-0.10, -0.01)	0.05	-0.07 (-0.15, 0.01)	0.09	-0.07 (-0.13, -0.02)	0.01	-0.07 (-0.14, 0.01)	0.10
Whole grains, oz	-0.30 (-0.51, -0.09)	0.004	-0.16 (-0.37, 0.06)	0.16	-0.57 (-0.99, -0.16)	0.007	-0.29 (-0.57, -0.01)	0.04	-0.49 (-0.88, -0.09)	0.02
Dairy, cup	0.31 (0.11, 0.51)	0.002	0.44 (0.14, 0.73)	0.004	0.09 (-0.32, 0.50)	0.67	0.31 (0.04, 0.58)	0.02	0.18 (-0.03, 0.39)	0.10
Total protein, oz	-0.44 (-1.02, 0.15)	0.14	-0.61 (-1.09, -0.14)	0.01	-0.20 (-1.10, 0.70)	0.67	-0.41 (-1.10, 0.29)	0.25	-0.40 (-1.00, 0.20)	0.20
Seafood/plant protein, oz	0.03 (-0.37, 0.42)	0.90	0.08 (-0.37, 0.53)	0.74	-0.03 (-0.41, 0.34)	0.86	0.24 (-0.33, 0.82)	0.41	-0.41 (-0.95, 0.12)	0.13
Refined grains, oz	0.44 (0.14, 0.74)	0.004	0.17 (-0.19, 0.54)	0.36	1.05 (0.52, 1.59)	<0.001	0.35 (-0.07, 0.76)	0.10	0.60 (-0.03, 1.24)	0.06
Salt, g	0.12 (-0.08, 0.31)	0.24	0.07 (-0.17, 0.30)	0.57	0.17 (-0.07, 0.41)	0.16	-0.04 (-0.23, 0.14)	0.63	0.34 (0.15, 0.54)	< 0.001
Added sugars, % of energy	-14.13 (-31.69, 3.43)	0.11	-14.30 (-51.68, 23.08)	0.45	1.35 (-55.57, 58.28)	0.96	-17.89 (-41.05, 5.29)	0.13	-5.36 (-38.05, 27.33)	0.75

^aCI confidence interval, HEI healthy eating index
^bAdjusted for gender, race, employment, poverty status, COVID-19 months, seasons, total energy intake, study weeks, and weekdays
^cAdjusted for gender, race, employment, poverty status, COVID-19 months, total energy intake, study weeks, and weekdays
^dAdjusted for gender, race, employment, poverty status, seasons, total energy intake, study weeks, and weekdays
^eGEE models examining the association of daily FI scores and total energy intake and HEI score were not adjusted for total energy intake

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