From: High burden of anemia among pregnant women in Tanzania: a call to address its determinants
Variable | Anemia in 2004–2005 | Anemia in 2015–2016 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | |
Individual and household characteristics | ||||
 Age (years) | ||||
  15–19 | 126 | 65.1 | 150 | 63.9 |
  20–24 | 158 | 54.3 | 153 | 54.8 |
  25–29 | 169 | 62.7 | 149 | 55.3 |
  30–34 | 77 | 50.6 | 87 | 52.3 |
  35–39 | 57 | 52.7 | 66 | 55.7 |
  40–49 | 38 | 64.6 | 33 | 67.8 |
  P-Value |  | 0.059 |  | 0.264 |
 Highest educational level | ||||
  No education | 174 | 60.7 | 126 | 63.4 |
  Primary | 429 | 57.4 | 411 | 56.2 |
  Secondary education and above | 23 | 55.2 | 102 | 53.9 |
  P-Value |  | 0.676 |  | 0.202 |
 Current marital status | ||||
  Never married | 54 | 70.6 | 59 | 59 |
  Married | 547 | 57.0 | 538 | 57.4 |
  Others | 25 | 63.2 | 42 | 51.9 |
  P-value |  | 0.087 |  | 0.751 |
 Use of Insecticide-treated bed nets | ||||
  No bed net | 407 | 55.7 | 239 | 54.6 |
  Treated bed nets | 115 | 65.2 | 37 | 49.6 |
  Untreated bed nets | 103 | 61.8 | 363 | 59.8 |
  P-Value |  | 0.145 |  | 0.215 |
 Has health insurancea | ||||
  No |  |  | 604 | 58.1 |
  Yes |  |  | 35 | 44.0 |
  P-Value |  |  |  | 0.040 |
 Type of residence | ||||
  Urban | 119 | 57.3 | 176 | 53.6 |
  Rural | 506 | 58.4 | 463 | 58.6 |
  P-Value |  | 0.828 |  | 0.187 |
 Number of household members | ||||
  1–3 | 160 | 52.4 | 146 | 51.5 |
  4–6 | 233 | 57.3 | 231 | 53.1 |
  7–9 | 130 | 61.4 | 146 | 63.1 |
  10 +  | 102 | 67.9 | 116 | 68.9 |
  P-Value |  | 0.032 |  | 0.005 |
 Wealth index | ||||
  Poorest | 139 | 59.4 | 153 | 57.9 |
  Poorer | 136 | 57.4 | 137 | 58.1 |
  Middle | 136 | 65.2 | 127 | 63.0 |
  Richer | 111 | 51.0 | 119 | 56.1 |
  Richest | 103 | 58.3 | 103 | 50.2 |
  P-Value |  | 0.281 |  | 0.285 |
 Food securitya | ||||
  Insecure |  |  | 290 | 60.9 |
  Secure |  |  | 349 | 54.3 |
  P-Value |  |  |  | 0.077 |
 Low Feeding Frequencya | ||||
  No |  |  | 431 | 58.0 |
  Yes |  |  | 208 | 55.4 |
  P-Value |  |  |  | 0.429 |
Maternal characteristics | ||||
 Number of children ever born | ||||
  0 | 136 | 63.3 | 170 | 60.8 |
  1 | 115 | 53.9 | 126 | 55.5 |
  2 | 118 | 61.5 | 95 | 48.4 |
  3 | 60 | 52.4 | 70 | 53.6 |
  4 +  | 197 | 57.7 | 178 | 62.4 |
  P-Value |  | 0.342 |  | 0.088 |
 Age at the first childbirth (years) | ||||
  0–19 | 338 | 57.7 | 310 | 58.0 |
  20–49 | 152 | 55.3 | 158 | 52.1 |
  P-Value |  | 0.559 |  | 0.182 |
 Gestation age at ANC booking | ||||
  0–3 | 36 | 54.5 | 74 | 57.4 |
  4–6 | 341 | 57.6 | 283 | 57.5 |
  7–9 | 45 | 58.1 | 33 | 57.5 |
  P-Value |  | 0.887 |  | 1.000 |
 Number of ANC visit | ||||
  0–3 | 177 | 62.3 | 234 | 61.7 |
  4 and above | 254 | 54.2 | 167 | 53.4 |
  P-Value |  | 0.072 |  | 0.060 |
 Provision of IFA | ||||
  No | 178 | 60.7 | 98 | 61.2 |
  Yes | 253 | 55.0 | 304 | 57.1 |
  P-Value |  | 0.199 |  | 0.456 |
 Place of delivery | ||||
  At home | 250 | 58.8 | 188 | 63.5 |
  Public health facility | 154 | 56.9 | 179 | 54.8 |
  Private health facility | 31 | 50.3 | 28 | 46.6 |
  P-Value |  | 0.592 |  | 0.048 |
 Deworminga | ||||
  No |  |  | 161 | 61.5 |
  Yes |  |  | 240 | 56.0 |
  P-Value |  |  |  | 0.220 |
 Antimalaria given | ||||
  No | 292 | 57.6 | 149 | 63.0 |
  Yes | 138 | 56.9 | 251 | 55.4 |
  P-Value |  | 0.863 |  | 0.075 |