Table 4 Univariable Analysis of Vitamin Deficiencies and Disorders among United States Military Personnel by Demographic Characteristics (1997–2015)
Deficiency/Disorder | Variable | Strata | N | Incidence Rate (cases/100,000 person-yr) | Incidence Rate Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | Deficiency/Disorder | Variable | Strata | N | Incidence Rate (cases/ 100,000 person-yr) | Incidence Rate Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thiamine (B1) Deficiency | Sex | Male | 161 | 0.27 | 1.00 | Riboflavin (B2) Deficiency | Sex | Male | 19 | 0.08 | 1.00 |
Female | 60 | 1.57 | 2.19 (1.63–2.94) | Female | 13 | 0.34 | 4.05 (1.98–8.13) | ||||
Age | < 20 | 6 | 0.31 | 1.00 | Age | < 20 | 3 | 0.15 | 1.00 | ||
20–24 | 43 | 0.51 | 1.63 (0.70–3.84) | 20–24 | 6 | 0.07 | 0.46 (0.11–1.82) | ||||
25–29 | 34 | 0.58 | 1.88 (0.79–4.50) | 25–29 | 2 | 0.03 | 0.22 (0.04–1.33) | ||||
30–34 | 48 | 1.20 | 3.88 (1.66–9.07) | 30–34 | 6 | 0.15 | 0.97 (0.24–3.88) | ||||
35–39 | 36 | 1.08 | 3.50 (1.48–8.31) | 35–39 | 5 | 0.15 | 0.97 (0.23–4.07) | ||||
≥40 | 54 | 2.00 | 6.46 (2.78–15.01) | ≥40 | 10 | 0.37 | 2.39 (0.66–8.69) | ||||
Race | White | 124 | 0.69 | 1.00 | Race | White | 16 | 0.09 | 1.00 | ||
Black | 75 | 1.58 | 2.28 (1.71–3.04) | Black | 11 | 0.23 | 2.60 (1.20–5.59) | ||||
Other | 22 | 0.62 | 0.90 (0.57–1.42) | Other | 5 | 0.14 | 1.59 (0.58–4.34) | ||||
Service | Army | 102 | 1.06 | 1.00 | Service | Army | 20 | 0.21 | 1.00 | ||
Navy | 42 | 0.64 | 0.60 (0.42–0.86) | Navy | 2 | 0.03 | 0.14 (0.03–0.62) | ||||
Air Force | 62 | 0.95 | 0.89 (0.65–1.23) | ||||||||
Air Force | 7 | 0.11 | 0.51 (0.22–1.22) | ||||||||
Marines | 3 | 0.09 | 0.41 (0.13–1.39) | ||||||||
Marines | 15 | 0.43 | 0.40 (0.24–0.70) | ||||||||
Niacin (B3) Deficiency | Sex | Male | 46 | 0.21 | 1.00 | Pyridoxine (B6) Deficiency | Sex | Male | 40 | 0.18 | 1.00 |
Female | 5 | 0.13 | 0.64 (0.25–1.61) | Female | 21 | 0.55 | 3.08 (1.82–5.22) | ||||
Age | < 20 | 1 | 0.05 | 1.00 | Age | < 20 | 0 | 0.00 | – | ||
20–24 | 8 | 0.09 | 1.83 (0.23–14.59) | 20–24 | 12 | 0.14 | 1.00 | ||||
25–29 | 11 | 0.19 | 3.67 (0.47–28.41) | 25–29 | 8 | 0.14 | 0.97 (0.40–2.38) | ||||
30–34 | 9 | 0.23 | 4.37 (0.55–34.48) | 30–34 | 9 | 0.23 | 1.60 (0.67–3.79) | ||||
35–39 | 8 | 0.24 | 4.67 (0.58–37.31) | 35–39 | 13 | 0.39 | 2.77 (1.27–6.07) | ||||
≥40 | 14 | 0.52 | 10.05 (1.32–76.38) | ≥40 | 19 | 0.70 | 4.98 (2.42–10.26) | ||||
Race | White | 36 | 0.20 | 1.00 | Race | White | 33 | 0.18 | 1.00 | ||
Black | 9 | 0.19 | 0.94 (0.45–1.96) | Black | 21 | 0.44 | 2.40 (1.39–4.15) | ||||
Other | 6 | 0.17 | 0.85 (0.36–2.01) | Other | 7 | 0.20 | 1.08 (0.48–2.44) | ||||
Service | Army | 14 | 0.15 | 1.00 | Service | Army | 31 | 0.32 | 1.00 | ||
Navy | 10 | 0.15 | 1.03 (0.46–2.34) | Navy | 8 | 0.12 | 0.38 (0.17–0.82) | ||||
Air Force | 22 | 0.34 | 2.31 (1.18–4.52) | Air Force | 16 | 0.24 | 0.76 (0.42–1.39) | ||||
Marines | 5 | 0.14 | 0.98 (0.35–2.73) | Marines | 6 | 0.17 | 0.53 (0.22–1.28) | ||||
Folate (B9) Deficiency Anemia | Sex | Male | 80 | 0.36 | 1.00 | Vitamin B12 Anemia | Sex | Male | 1147 | 5.11 | 1.00 |
Female | 99 | 2.59 | 7.26 (5.41–9.75) | Female | 853 | 22.31 | 4.36 (3.99–4.77) | ||||
Age | < 20 | 20 | 1.03 | 1.00 | Age | < 20 | 59 | 3.04 | 1.00 | ||
20–24 | 46 | 0.54 | 0.52 (0.31–0.89) | 20–24 | 275 | 3.24 | 1.06 (0.80–1.41) | ||||
25–29 | 28 | 0.48 | 0.47 (0.26–0.83) | 25–29 | 276 | 4.75 | 1.56 (1.18–2.07) | ||||
30–34 | 18 | 0.45 | 0.43 (0.23–0.83) | 30–34 | 297 | 7.44 | 2.44 (1.85–3.23) | ||||
35–39 | 29 | 0.87 | 0.85 (0.48–1.50) | 35–39 | 420 | 12.64 | 4.15 (3.16–5.45) | ||||
≥40 | 38 | 1.41 | 1.36 (0.79–2.34) | ≥40 | 673 | 24.92 | 8.19 (6.27–10.68) | ||||
Race | White | 92 | 0.51 | 1.00 | Race | White | 1144 | 6.37 | 1.00 | ||
Black | 647 | 13.59 | 2.14 (1.94–2.35) | ||||||||
Black | 74 | 1.55 | 3.04 (2.24–4.12) | Other | 209 | 5.91 | 0.93 (0.80–1.08) | ||||
Other | 13 | 0.37 | 0.72 (0.40–1.28) | ||||||||
Service | Army | 81 | 0.84 | 1.00 | Service | Army | 820 | 8.53 | 1.00 | ||
Navy | 42 | 0.64 | 0.75 (0.52–1.10) | Navy | 424 | 6.41 | 0.75 (0.67–0.85) | ||||
Air Force | 634 | 9.70 | 1.14 (1.03–1.26) | ||||||||
Air Force | 43 | 0.66 | 0.78 (0.54–1.13) | Marines | 122 | 3.49 | 0.41 (0.34–0.50) | ||||
Marines | 13 | 0.37 | 0.44 (0.25–0.79) | ||||||||
Folate & Vitamin B12 Anemia | Sex | Male | 43 | 0.19 | 1.00 | Other B-Complex Deficiency | Sex | Male | 3062 | 13.65 | 1.00 |
Female | 19 | 0.50 | 2.59 (1.51–4.45) | Female | 2254 | 58.95 | 4.32 (4.09–4.56) | ||||
Age | < 20 | 5 | 0.26 | 1.00 | Age | < 20 | 87 | 4.49 | 1.00 | ||
20–24 | 9 | 0.11 | 0.41 (0.14–1.23) | 20–24 | 678 | 7.98 | 1.78 (1.42–2.22) | ||||
25–29 | 13 | 0.22 | 0.87 (0.31–2.43) | 25–29 | 799 | 13.75 | 3.06 (2.45–3.82) | ||||
30–34 | 6 | 0.15 | 0.58 (0.18–1.91) | 30–34 | 861 | 21.57 | 4.80 (3.85–5.99) | ||||
35–39 | 12 | 0.36 | 1.40 (0.49–3.97) | 35–39 | 1096 | 33.00 | 7.35 (5.91–9.14) | ||||
≥40 | 17 | 0.63 | 2.44 (0.90–6.61) | ≥40 | 1795 | 66.46 | 14.80 (11.94–18.36) | ||||
Race | White | 39 | 0.22 | 1.00 | Race | White | 3371 | 18.76 | 1.00 | ||
Black | 17 | 0.36 | 1.65 (0.93–2.91) | Black | 1348 | 28.32 | 1.51 (1.42–1.61) | ||||
Other | 6 | 0.17 | 0.78 (0.33–1.85) | Other | 597 | 16.89 | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | ||||
Service | Army | 22 | 0.23 | 1.00 | Service | Army | 2364 | 24.58 | 1.00 | ||
Navy | 14 | 0.21 | 0.92 (0.47–1.81) | Navy | 1023 | 15.47 | 0.63 (0.58–0.68) | ||||
Air Force | 21 | 0.32 | 1.40 (0.77–2.55) | Air Force | 1642 | 25.12 | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | ||||
Marines | 5 | 0.14 | 0.63 (0.24–1.65) | Marines | 287 | 8.21 | 0.33 (0.30–0.38) | ||||
Vitamin A Deficiency | Sex | Male | 4367 | 1.95 | 1.00 | Vitamin C Deficiency | Sex | Male | 41 | 0.18 | 1.00 |
Female | 222 | 5.81 | 2.98 (2.53–3.50) | Female | 12 | 0.31 | 1.72 (0.90–3.27) | ||||
Age | < 20 | 82 | 4.23 | 1.00 | Age | < 20 | 5 | 0.26 | 1.00 | ||
20–24 | 205 | 2.41 | 0.57 (0.44–0.74) | 20–24 | 20 | 0.24 | 0.91 (0.34–2.43) | ||||
25–29 | 116 | 2.00 | 0.47 (0.36–0.63) | 25–29 | 7 | 0.12 | 0.47 (0.15–1.47) | ||||
30–34 | 83 | 2.08 | 0.49 (0.36–0.67) | 30–34 | 5 | 0.13 | 0.49 (0.14–1.68) | ||||
35–39 | 83 | 2.50 | 0.59 (0.44–0.80) | 35–39 | 7 | 0.21 | 0.82 (0.26–2.57) | ||||
≥40 | 90 | 3.33 | 0.78 (0.58–1.06) | ≥40 | 9 | 0.33 | 1.29 (0.43–3.85) | ||||
Race | White | 382 | 2.13 | 1.00 | Race | White | 41 | 0.23 | 1.00 | ||
Black | 176 | 3.70 | 1.74 (1.46–2.08) | Black | 9 | 0.19 | 0.83 (0.40–1.71) | ||||
Other | 101 | 2.86 | 1.34 (1.08–1.67) | Other | 3 | 0.08 | 0.37 (0.12–1.20) | ||||
Service | Army | 211 | 2.19 | 1.00 | Service | Army | 15 | 0.16 | 1.00 | ||
Navy | 126 | 1.91 | 0.87 (0.70–1.08) | Navy | 19 | 0.29 | 1.84 (0.95–3.63) | ||||
Air Force | 266 | 4.07 | 1.86 (1.55–2.22) | Air Force | 14 | 0.21 | 1.37 (0.66–2.84) | ||||
Marines | 56 | 1.60 | 0.73 (0.54–0.98) | Marines | 5 | 0.14 | 1.29 (0.47–3.54) | ||||
Vitamin D Deficiency | Sex | Male | 9039 | 40.28 | 1.00 | Vitamin K Deficiency | Sex | Male | 35 | 0.16 | 1.00 |
Female | 5074 | 132.70 | 3.29 (3.18–3.41) | Female | 14 | 0.37 | 2.35 (1.26–4.36) | ||||
Age | < 20 | 514 | 26.52 | 1.00 | Age | < 20 | 2 | 0.10 | 1.00 | ||
20–24 | 1957 | 23.03 | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 20–24 | 16 | 0.19 | 1.83 (0.42–7.94) | ||||
25–29 | 9 | 0.15 | 1.50 (0.32–6.94) | ||||||||
25–29 | 2542 | 43.74 | 1.65 (1.50–1.81) | 30–34 | 4 | 0.10 | 0.97 (0.18–5.30) | ||||
30–34 | 2380 | 59.61 | 2.25 (2.04–2.47) | 35–39 | 6 | 0.18 | 1.75 (0.35–8.67) | ||||
35–39 | 2636 | 79.36 | 2.99 (2.72–3.29) | ≥40 | 12 | 0.44 | 4.31 (0.96–19.23) | ||||
≥40 | 4084 | 151.22 | 5.70 (5.20–6.25) | ||||||||
Race | White | 7946 | 44.22 | 1.00 | Race | White | 34 | 0.19 | 1.00 | ||
Black | 10 | 0.21 | 1.11 (0.55–2.25) | ||||||||
Black | 4099 | 86.11 | 1.95 (1.88–2.02) | Other | 5 | 0.14 | 0.75 (0.29–1.91) | ||||
Other | 2068 | 58.50 | 1.32 (1.26–1.39) | ||||||||
Service | Army | 6566 | 68.27 | 1.00 | Service | Army | 22 | 0.23 | 1.00 | ||
Navy | 2968 | 44.87 | 0.66 (0.63–0.69) | Navy | 8 | 0.12 | 0.53 (0.24–1.19) | ||||
Air Force | 3602 | 55.10 | 0.81 (0.77–0.84) | Air Force | 16 | 0.24 | 1.07 (0.56–2.04) | ||||
Marines | 977 | 27.96 | 0.41 (0.38–0.44) | Marines | 3 | 0.09 | 0.38 (0.11–1.25) | ||||
Deficiencies of “Other Vitamins” | Sex | Male | 951 | 4.24 | 1.00 | Hyper-vitaminosis A | Sex | Male | 46 | 0.21 | 1.00 |
Female | 609 | 15.93 | 3.76 (3.39–4.16) | Female | 22 | 0.58 | 2.81 (1.69–4.66) | ||||
Age | < 20 | 38 | 1.96 | 1.00 | Age | < 20 | 2 | 0.10 | 1.00 | ||
20–24 | 219 | 2.58 | 1.31 (0.93–1.86) | 20–24 | 18 | 0.21 | 2.05 (0.48–8.85) | ||||
25–29 | 292 | 5.02 | 2.56 (1.83–3.59) | ||||||||
25–29 | 10 | 0.17 | 1.67 (0.37–7.61) | ||||||||
30–34 | 240 | 6.01 | 3.07 (2.18–4.32) | 30–34 | 11 | 0.28 | 2.67 (0.59–12.04) | ||||
35–39 | 13 | 0.39 | 3.79 (0.86–16.8) | ||||||||
35–39 | 280 | 8.43 | 4.30 (3.06–6.03) | ≥40 | 14 | 0.52 | 5.02 (1.14–22.10) | ||||
≥40 | 491 | 18.18 | 9.27 (6.67–12.90) | ||||||||
Race | White | 902 | 5.02 | 1.00 | Race | White | 47 | 0.26 | 1.00 | ||
Black | 465 | 9.77 | 1.95 (1.74–2.18) | Black | 15 | 0.32 | 1.21 (0.67–2.15) | ||||
Other | 193 | 5.46 | 1.09 (0.93–1.27) | Other | 6 | 0.17 | 0.65 (0.28–1.52) | ||||
Service | Army | 762 | 7.92 | 1.00 | Service | Army | 20 | 0.21 | 1.00 | ||
Navy | 290 | 4.38 | 0.55 (0.48–0.63) | Navy | 22 | 0.33 | 1.60 (0.87–2.93) | ||||
Air Force | 413 | 6.32 | 0.80 (0.71–0.90) | Air Force | 22 | 0.34 | 1.62 (0.88–2.97) | ||||
Marines | 95 | 2.72 | 0.34 (0.28–0.42) | Marines | 4 | 0.11 | 0.55 (0.19–1.61) | ||||
Hyper-vitaminosis D | Sex | Male | 19 | 0.08 | 1.00 | ||||||
Female | 14 | 0.37 | 4.32 (2.17–8.62) | ||||||||
Age | < 20 | 1 | 0.05 | 1.00 | |||||||
20–24 | 5 | 0.06 | 1.14 (0.13–9.76) | ||||||||
25–29 | 7 | 0.12 | 2.33 (0.29–18.97) | ||||||||
30–34 | 8 | 0.20 | 3.88 (0.49–31.04) | ||||||||
35–39 | 5 | 0.15 | 2.92 (0.34–24.97) | ||||||||
≥40 | 7 | 0.26 | 5.02 (0.62–40.82) | ||||||||
Race | White | 24 | 0.13 | 1.00 | |||||||
Black | 9 | 0.19 | 1.42 (0.66–3.05) | ||||||||
Other | 0 | 0.00 | – | ||||||||
Service | Army | 16 | 0.17 | 1.00 | |||||||
Navy | 5 | 0.08 | 0.45 (0.17–1.24) | ||||||||
Air Force | 11 | 0.17 | 1.01 (0.47–2.18) | ||||||||
Marines | 1 | 0.03 | 0.17 (0.02–1.30) | ||||||||