| Men | Women | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency of consuming meals prepared away from home | Frequency of consuming meals prepared away from home | |||||||||||
Low (n = 321) | Moderate (n = 465) | High (n = 135) | Low (n = 608) | Moderate (n = 610) | High (n = 82) | |||||||
Nutrients with EAR | ||||||||||||
 Protein, n, % | 3 | 0.9 | 2 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
Vitamins | ||||||||||||
 Vitamin A, n, % | 216 | 67.3 | 289 | 62.2 | 100 | 74.1 | 325 | 53.5 | 325 | 53.3 | 48 | 58.5 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.80 (0.59–1.08) | 1.39 (0.89–2.18) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.99 (0.79–1.24) | 1.23 (0.77–1.96) | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.81 (0.60–1.10) | 1.41 (0.88–2.24) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 1.18 (0.73–1.90) | ||||||
 Vitamin B1, n, % | 197 | 61.4 | 288 | 61.9 | 96 | 71.1 | 362 | 59.5 | 362 | 59.3 | 43 | 52.4 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.02 (0.76–1.37) | 1.55 (1.00–2.39) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.99 (0.80–1.25) | 0.75 (0.47–1.19) | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (0.74–1.34) | 1.44 (0.92–2.25) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.01 (0.80–1.27) | 0.77 (0.48–1.23) | ||||||
 Vitamin B2, n, % | 136 | 42.4 | 182 | 39.1 | 70 | 51.9 | 178 | 29.3 | 173 | 28.4 | 25 | 30.5 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.88 (0.66–1.17) | 1.47 (0.98–2.19) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.96 (0.75–1.23) | 1.06 (0.64–1.75) | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.86 (0.64–1.16) | 1.46 (0.96–2.22) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.92 (0.71–1.18) | 1.00 (0.60–1.66) | ||||||
 Niacin, n, % | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
 Vitamin B6, n, % | 107 | 33.3 | 154 | 33.1 | 59 | 43.7 | 212 | 34.9 | 221 | 36.2 | 32 | 39.0 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) | 1.55 (1.03–2.34) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.06 (0.84–1.34) | 1.20 (0.74–1.92) | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.95 (0.70–1.30) | 1.36 (0.88–2.09) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.04 (0.82–1.32) | 1.17 (0.72–1.90) | ||||||
 Vitamin B12, n, % | 46 | 14.3 | 53 | 11.4 | 18 | 13.3 | 138 | 22.7 | 123 | 20.2 | 17 | 20.7 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.77 (0.50–1.17) | 0.92 (0.51–1.65) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.86 (0.65–1.13) | 0.89 (0.51–1.57) | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.75 (0.49–1.15) | 0.85 (0.46–1.56) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.82 (0.62–1.07) | 0.76 (0.43–1.36) | ||||||
 Folate, n, % | 26 | 8.1 | 46 | 9.9 | 20 | 14.8 | 78 | 12.8 | 85 | 13.9 | 18 | 22.0 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.25 (0.75–2.06) | 1.97 (1.06–3.67) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.10 (0.79–1.53) | 1.91 (1.08–3.39) | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.15 (0.69–1.93) | 1.65 (0.87–3.16) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.03 (0.74–1.45) | 1.80 (1.00–3.27) | ||||||
 Vitamin C, n, % | 153 | 47.7 | 217 | 46.7 | 79 | 58.5 | 258 | 42.4 | 296 | 48.5 | 48 | 58.5 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.96 (0.72–1.28) | 1.55 (1.03–2.33) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.28 (1.02–1.60) | 1.92 (1.20–3.06) | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.87 (0.65–1.17) | 1.25 (0.82–1.92) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.20 (0.95–1.52) | 1.72 (1.05–2.80) | ||||||
Minerals | ||||||||||||
 Calcium, n, % | 189 | 58.9 | 267 | 57.4 | 91 | 67.4 | 327 | 53.8 | 364 | 59.7 | 52 | 63.4 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.94 (0.70–1.26) | 1.44 (0.95–2.21) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.27 (1.01–1.60) | 1.49 (0.93–2.40) | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.93 (0.69–1.26) | 1.42 (0.91–2.20) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.24 (0.98–1.56) | 1.44 (0.88–2.35) | ||||||
 Magnesium, n, % | 156 | 48.6 | 225 | 48.4 | 76 | 56.3 | 222 | 36.5 | 263 | 43.1 | 34 | 41.5 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.99 (0.75–1.32) | 1.36 (0.91–2.04) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.32 (1.05–1.66) | 1.23 (0.77–1.97) | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.99 (0.74–1.33) | 1.27 (0.83–1.93) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.31 (1.03–1.65) | 1.22 (0.75–1.98) | ||||||
 Iron, n, % | 23 | 7.2 | 26 | 5.6 | 19 | 14.1 | 237 | 39.0 | 270 | 44.3 | 44 | 53.7 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.77 (0.43–1.37) | 2.12 (1.11–4.04) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.24 (0.99–1.56) | 1.81 (1.14–2.88) | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.75 (0.41–1.36) | 2.03 (1.03–4.01) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.13 (0.84–1.51) | 1.35 (0.74–2.46) | ||||||
 Zinc, n, % | 24 | 7.5 | 42 | 9.0 | 14 | 10.4 | 36 | 5.9 | 26 | 4.3 | 7 | 8.5 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.23 (0.73–2.07) | 1.43 (0.72–2.86) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.71 (0.42–1.19) | 1.48 (0.64–3.45) | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.24 (0.72–2.13) | 1.57 (0.75–3.29) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.63 (0.37–1.08) | 1.22 (0.50–2.99) | ||||||
 Copper, n, % | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.3 | 3 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
Nutrients with DG | ||||||||||||
 Protein, n, % | 110 | 34.3 | 159 | 34.2 | 63 | 46.7 | 182 | 29.9 | 186 | 30.5 | 31 | 37.8 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (0.74–1.35) | 1.68 (1.12–2.53) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.03 (0.80–1.31) | 1.42 (0.88–2.30) | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.97 (0.72–1.32) | 1.58 (1.03–2.40) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (0.78–1.28) | 1.30 (0.80–2.11) | ||||||
 Fat, n, % | 134 | 41.7 | 222 | 47.7 | 61 | 45.2 | 325 | 53.5 | 326 | 53.4 | 49 | 59.8 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.28 (0.96–1.70) | 1.15 (0.77–1.73) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) | 1.29 (0.81–2.07) | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.28 (0.96–1.71) | 1.12 (0.74–1.71) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (0.80–1.26) | 1.31 (0.81–2.11) | ||||||
 Saturated fat, n, % | 121 | 37.7 | 200 | 43.0 | 59 | 43.7 | 338 | 55.6 | 361 | 59.2 | 46 | 56.1 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.25 (0.93–1.67) | 1.28 (0.85–1.93) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.16 (0.92–1.45) | 1.02 (0.64–1.62) | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.23 (0.91–1.65) | 1.18 (0.77–1.80) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.15 (0.91–1.44) | 1.01 (0.63–1.61) | ||||||
 Carbohydrate, n, % | 121 | 37.7 | 167 | 35.9 | 43 | 31.9 | 219 | 36.0 | 204 | 33.4 | 32 | 39.0 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.93 (0.69–1.24) | 0.70 (0.50–1.18) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.89 (0.71–1.13) | 1.14 (0.71–1.83) | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.95 (0.70–1.28) | 0.80 (0.52–1.25) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.88 (0.69–1.11) | 1.22 (0.75–1.98) | ||||||
 Dietary fiber, n, % | 211 | 65.7 | 319 | 68.6 | 107 | 79.3 | 399 | 65.6 | 440 | 72.1 | 60 | 73.2 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.14 (0.84–1.54) | 1.99 (1.24–3.21) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.36 (1.06–1.73) | 1.43 (0.85–2.39) | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.14 (0.83–1.56) | 1.91 (1.17–3.12) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.32 (1.03–1.69) | 1.31 (0.77–2.23) | ||||||
 Sodium (salt-equivalent), n, % | 297 | 92.5 | 427 | 91.8 | 129 | 95.6 | 522 | 85.9 | 532 | 87.2 | 69 | 84.2 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.91 (0.53–1.55) | 1.74 (0.69–4.35) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.12 (0.81–1.56) | 0.87 (0.46–1.65) | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.95 (0.55–1.64) | 1.88 (0.73–4.84) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.11 (0.80–1.55) | 0.86 (0.45–1.64) | ||||||
 Potassium, n, % | 202 | 62.9 | 305 | 65.6 | 107 | 79.3 | 348 | 57.2 | 383 | 62.8 | 49 | 59.8 |
  Crude OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.12 (0.84–1.51) | 2.25 (1.40–3.62) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.26 (1.00–1.59) | 0.88 (0.55–1.41) | ||||||
  Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.13 (0.83–1.53) | 2.17 (1.33–3.55) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.23 (0.97–1.56) | 1.01 (0.62–1.65) |