Skip to main content

Table 2 Energy-adjusted nutrient intakes on the dietary recording day among 2221 Japanese adults aged 18–64 years according to frequency of consuming meals prepared away from home [Mean (SD)]†

From: Consumption of meals prepared away from home is associated with inadequacy of dietary fiber, vitamin C and mineral intake among Japanese adults: analysis from the 2015 National Health and Nutrition Survey

 

Men

Women

Frequency of consuming meals prepared away from home

Pǁ

P

Frequency of consuming meals prepared away from home

Pǁ

P

Low

(n = 321)

Moderate

(n = 465)

High

(n = 135)

Low

(n = 608)

Moderate

(n = 610)

High

(n = 82)

Energy, kcal/d

2314

(592)

2302

(571)

2241

(554)

0.454

0.282

1771

(430)

1785

(423)

1799

(499)

0.771

0.710

Nutrients with EAR

 Protein, g/d

91

(18)

91

(17)

87

(19)*

0.031

0.020

73

(14)

73

(13)

72

(15)

0.598

0.782

Vitamins

 Vitamin A, μg RE/d

614

(727)

662

(751)

527

(366)

0.136

0.181

617

(910)

559

(424)

469

(248)

0.111

0.084

 Vitamin B1, mg/d

1.1

(0.41)

1.1

(0.42)

1.1

(0.44)

0.455

0.319

0.9

(0.31)

0.90

(0.30)

0.93

(0.34)

0.653

0.646

 Vitamin B2, mg/d

1.4

(0.46)

1.4

(0.48)

1.4

(0.51)

0.524

0.453

1.3

(0.46)

1.2

(0.39)

1.3

(0.48)

0.290

0.388

 Niacin, mg/d

35

(9.8)

36

(11.2)

33

(10.5)

0.058

0.075

28

(7.6)

28

(7.5)

28

(8.5)

0.987

0.964

 Vitamin B6, mg/d

1.4

(0.42)

1.4

(0.42)

1.3

(0.69)

0.135

0.291

1.2

(0.38)

1.2

(0.37)

1.1

(0.37)

0.569

0.724

 Vitamin B12, μg/d

7.7

(7.7)

7.8

(7.7)

6.5

(6.2)

0.184

0.333

6.0

(6.1)

5.8

(6.1)

6.2

(5.5)

0.756

0.612

 Folate, μg/d

352

(135)

363

(153)

334

(148)

0.120

0.225

335

(144)

319

(123)*

307

(119)

0.044

0.046

 Vitamin C, mg/d

103

(70)

103

(66)

87

(61)

0.032

0.162

110

(71)

103

(69)

92

(71)

0.040

0.128

Minerals

 Calcium, mg/d

580

(258)

578

(263)

519

(245)*

0.045

0.044

561

(230)

525

(223)*

523

(243)

0.019

0.036

 Magnesium, mg/d

315

(93)

315

(88)

294

(89)

0.046

0.084

271

(75)

260

(71)*

256

(74)

0.011

0.014

 Iron, mg/d

9.5

(2.9)

9.7

(2.8)

8.9

(2.6)*

0.007

0.008

8.6

(2.8)

8.0

(2.2)*

7.9

(2.5)

< 0.001

0.001

 Zinc, mg/d

10.7

(2.2)

10.8

(2.5)

10.5

(2.5)

0.635

0.398

8.4

(1.8)

8.4

(1.8)

8.2

(1.9)

0.600

0.684

 Copper, mg/d

1.5

(0.32)

1.5

(0.34)

1.4

(0.38)*

0.029

0.027

1.2

(0.29)

1.2

(0.29)

1.2

(0.34)

0.061

0.060

Nutrients with DG

 Protein, %energy

14.3

(2.9)

14.3

(2.6)

13.5

(3.0)*

0.005

0.015

15.0

(3.0)

14.9

(2.8)

14.6

(3.0)

0.451

0.800

 Fat, %energy

25.1

(6.7)

26.3

(6.9)

26.9

(6.8)

0.020

0.141

28.0

(7.1)

28.8

(7.2)

28.5

(7.3)

0.154

0.166

 Saturated fat, %energy

6.6

(2.4)

6.8

(2.4)

7.0

(2.7)

0.212

0.673

7.6

(2.6)

7.9

(2.8)

7.8

(2.8)

0.165

0.129

 Carbohydrate, %energy

60.5

(8.0)

59.5

(8.1)

59.7

(7.2)

0.173

0.283

57.0

(8.1)

56.3

(8.1)

56.8

(8.4)

0.349

0.322

 Dietary fiber, g/day

18.1

(6.8)

17.9

(6.6)

15.9

(5.5)*

0.002

0.002

16.5

(6.0)

15.6

(6.0)*

14.8

(5.1)*

0.004

0.005

 Sodium (salt-equivalent), day

13.0

(4.1)

13.1

(4.2)

13.4

(3.9)

0.603

0.760

10.3

(3.4)

10.3

(3.1)

10.6

(3.9)

0.811

0.906

 Potassium, mg/d

2831

(832)

2799

(801)

2547

(908)*

0.003

0.004

2545

(739)

2444

(704)*

2372

(705)

0.016

0.026

  1. DG tentative dietary goal for preventing lifestyle-related disease, EAR estimated average requirement, SD standard deviation
  2. † Nutrients expressed as amount per day were energy-adjusted by using the following equation: energy-adjusted intake (units/day) = observed dietary intake (units/day) × estimated energy requirement (kcal/day)/observed energy intake (kcal/day)
  3. ‡ Sum of retinol, β-carotene/12, α-carotene/24, and cryptoxanthin/24
  4. § Sum of niacin and protein/6000
  5. ǁ The p values are shown for an analysis of variance to analyze differences of nutrient intake between three groups
  6. The p values are shown for covariate analysis to analyze difference of nutrient intake between three groups adjusted for confounding variables of age category (18–34, 35–50, and 51–64 years), occupation (professional / manager, sales / service / clerical, security / transportation / labour, student, housekeeper, and not in paid employment), living alone (yes or no), region (Hokkaido and Tohoku, Kanto, Hokuriku and Tokai, Kinki, Shikoku and Chugoku and Kyusyu), current smoker (yes or no) and habitual alcohol drinker (yes or no). * There is significant difference by Dunnett test compared with Low group in the adjusted model
Back to article page

Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

Contact us