Table 3 Data values extracted from the included studies on food intake and frequency of consumption: ↑ (increase), ↓ (decrease), <= > (no association)
Author, Year | Stress Assessment Tool | Association between Stress and the measured Food intake and frequency of consumption | Values |
|---|---|---|---|
Vidal et al. 2018 [1] | 14-item Perceived Stress Scale | ↑ Fat intake | p = 0.005 |
Nastaskin et al. 2015 [46] | 14-item Perceived Stress Scale | ↑ Fat intake | r=. 35, p < 0.01 |
↑Sodium intake | r=. 23, p = 0.07 | ||
Pettit et al. 2011 [47] | 14-item Perceived Stress Scale | ↑ Energy Drink intake | r=. 235, p < 0.01 |
Mikolajczyk et al. 2009 [34] | 14-item Perceived Stress Scale | ↑ Sweets, cookies, snacks, fast food | p = 0.03 |
↓ Fruits/vegetables | p < 0.01 | ||
Errisuriz et al. 2016 [48] | Perceived stress single item scale (0–10) | ↑ Soda, coffee, energy drink, salty snack, sweet snack, frozen food, and fast food consumption | p < 0.05 |
El Ansari et al. 2014 [15] | 4-item Perceived Stress Scale | ↑ Sweets, cookies, snacks, fast food | P = 0.017 |
↓ Fruits and vegetables | P = 0.002 | ||
Ng et al. 2003 [49] | 4-item Perceived Stress Scale | ↑ High Fat diet | p < 0.01 |
<= > Alcohol intake | p = 0.4 | ||
Barrington et al. 2012 [37] | 10-item Perceived Stress Scale | ↑ Fast food intake | z = 3.00, P = .003 |
↓ Fruits and vegetables intake | z = − 3.01, P = .003 | ||
Grossniklaus et al. 2010 [50] | Perceived Stress Scale | <= > food and beverage intake | p > 0.05 |
Papier et al. 2015 [16] | Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) | ↑ processed foods | p < 0.01 |
↓ meat alternatives | p < 0.05 | ||
↓vegetables and fruits | p < 0.01 | ||
Roohafza et al. 2013 [35] | -A12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) | ↑ Saturated oils | p < 0.01 |
↓ Unsaturated oils | p < 0.01 | ||
↓ Fruits | p < 0.01 | ||
↓ Vegetables | p = 0.02 | ||
↓ Meat | p = 0.03 | ||
↓ dairy products | p < 0.01 | ||
Gonzalez et al. 2013 [51] | Cognitivist Systemic Model Academic Stress scale | ↑ Alcohol intake | p < 0.05 |
Tseng et al. 2011 [36] | Migration–Acculturation Stressor Scale | ↑ Energy density | -(β = 0.002, p = 0.04) |
↑ % energy from fat | -(β = 0.06, p = 0.05) | ||
↓ total grams of grains | -(β = −11.3, p < 0.0001) | ||
↓ Overall grain intake | -(β = −0.18, p = 0.03) | ||
Hinote et al. 2009 [33] | 12-item distress scale | ↓ Meat, fish, vegetables, fruits, animal fat | p < 0.001 |
Hwang et al. 2010 [52] | Psychological Well-Being Index | ↓ energy intake | -p = 0.011 |
↓ carbohydrates | -p = 0.004 | ||
↓ protein | -p = 0.021 | ||
↓ fat | -p = 0.021 | ||
↓ calcium | -p = 0.042 | ||
↓ vitamin A | -p = 0.039 | ||
↓ zinc | -p = 0.005 | ||
↓ thiamine | -p = 0.006 | ||
↓ riboflavin | -p = 0.013 | ||
↓ folate | -p = 0.004 | ||
Wardle et al. 2000 [53] | 10-item Perceived Stress Scale | ↑ energy intake, ↑ saturated fats intake, ↑ fat intake | p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.05 |