Table 6 Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of cardiovascular risk factors according to moderate- and high-carbohydrate diets, stratified by protein source in younger adults (aged 19–49 years)
Men | Moderate carbohydrate diet with plant protein (MCP)a (n = 295) | Moderate carbohydrate diet with animal protein (MCA)a (n = 774) | High carbohydrate diet with plant protein (HCP)a (n = 606) | High carbohydrate diet with animal protein (HCA)a (n = 112) |
Dyslipidemia | ||||
Elevated total cholesterol | 1.00b | 2.22 (1.16–4.24) | 2.57 (1.34–4.91) | 2.56 (1.00–6.56) |
Elevated triglycerides | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.70–1.55) | 1.10 (0.72–1.67) | 1.00 (0.50–2.02) |
Elevated LDL-cholesterol | 1.00 | 2.20 (0.96–5.04) | 3.02 (1.33–6.87) | 2.55 (0.82–7.97) |
Reduced HDL-cholesterol | 1.00 | 1.75 (1.15–2.67) | 1.92 (1.26–2.92) | 3.69 (1.98–6.89) |
Metabolic syndrome | 1.00 | 2.07 (1.29–3.32) | 2.97 (1.76–5.03) | 3.96 (1.87–8.40) |
Increased waist circumference | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.80–1.60) | 0.91 (0.64–1.31) | 1.34 (0.77–2.33) |
Elevated blood pressure | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.60–1.19) | 1.29 (0.89–1.86) | 0.81 (0.45–1.45) |
Reduced HDL-cholesterol | 1.00 | 1.75 (1.15–2.67) | 1.92 (1.26–2.92) | 3.69 (1.98–6.89) |
Elevated triglycerides | 1.00 | 1.42 (1.02–1.98) | 1.61 (1.12–2.31) | 1.46 (0.83–2.57) |
Elevated fasting glucose | 1.00 | 1.35 (0.89–2.06) | 2.06 (1.34–3.18) | 1.94 (1.02–3.69) |
Hypertension | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.63–1.64) | 1.72 (1.03–2.87) | 1.01 (0.45–2.25) |
Women | MCP (n = 452) | MCA (n = 988) | HCP (n = 1163) | HCA (n = 174) |
Dyslipidemia | ||||
Elevated total cholesterol | 1.00 | 2.21 (1.11–4.38) | 2.38 (1.20–4.73) | 2.02 (0.75–5.41) |
Elevated triglycerides | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.50–1.76) | 0.88 (0.47–1.66) | 1.18 (0.47–2.98) |
Elevated LDL-cholesterol | 1.00 | 1.76 (0.84–3.70) | 2.07 (0.99–4.31) | 1.08 (0.31–3.78) |
Reduced HDL-cholesterol | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.62–1.86) | 1.52 (0.89–2.61) | 1.34 (0.64–2.79) |
Metabolic syndrome | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.36–1.29) | 0.95 (0.51–1.77) | 0.81 (0.36–1.81) |
Increased waist circumference | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.66–1.45) | 1.09 (0.76–1.58) | 0.88 (0.47–1.67) |
Elevated blood pressure | 1.00 | 1.36 (0.81–2.27) | 1.14 (0.67–1.96) | 1.68 (0.90–3.17) |
Reduced HDL-cholesterol | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.77–1.34) | 1.37 (1.03–1.81) | 0.94 (0.60–1.48) |
Elevated triglycerides | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.49–1.17) | 0.85 (0.55–1.31) | 0.88 (0.47–1.66) |
Elevated fasting glucose | 1.00 | 1.29 (0.87–1.91) | 1.57 (1.07–2.29) | 1.26 (0.70–2.27) |
Hypertension | 1.00 | 1.23 (0.56–2.72) | 0.92 (0.41–2.09) | 1.36 (0.44–4.21) |