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Table 3 Energy and macronutrient intakes according to moderate- and high-carbohydrate diets, stratified by protein source

From: A moderate-carbohydrate diet with plant protein is inversely associated with cardiovascular risk factors: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2017

 

Moderate carbohydrate diet with plant protein (MCP)a

(n = 981)

Moderate carbohydrate diet with animal protein (MCA)a

(n = 2209)

High carbohydrate diet with plant protein (HCP)a

(n = 4283)

High carbohydrate diet with animal protein (HCA)a

(n = 492)

P valueb

Energy (kcal)

2170.7 ± 29.9c

2235.3 ± 22.1

1871.6 ± 18.2

1783.2 ± 38.2

< 0.0001

Energy (% of EER)

98.4 ± 1.3

101.1 ± 0.9

85.9 ± 0.8

82.2 ± 1.7

< 0.0001

Carbohydrate (g)

252.0 ± 1.8

238.2 ± 1.5

348.1 ± 1.5

329.6 ± 2.8

< 0.0001

Protein (g)

64.8 ± 0.7

83.5 ± 0.7

55.2 ± 0.4

68.1 ± 0.7

< 0.0001

 Plant protein

42.3 ± 0.5

28.2 ± 0.3

38.4 ± 0.3

30.0 ± 0.4

< 0.0001

 Animal protein

22.4 ± 0.5

55.2 ± 0.6

16.7 ± 0.3

37.9 ± 0.5

< 0.0001

Fat (g)

62.1 ± 0.6

53.8 ± 0.4

24.7 ± 0.3

23.9 ± 0.6

< 0.0001

 Plant fat

43.5 ± 0.7

23.6 ± 0.4

16.7 ± 0.3

12.1 ± 0.5

< 0.0001

 Animal fat

18.6 ± 0.5

30.1 ± 0.4

8.0 ± 0.2

11.9 ± 0.4

< 0.0001

Dietary fiber (g)

23.8 ± 0.5

19.7 ± 0.3

24.9 ± 0.3

21.6 ± 0.6

< 0.0001

Energy from (%)

 Carbohydrate

56.9 ± 0.1

56.1 ± 0.1

76.3 ± 0.1

73.5 ± 0.1

< 0.0001

 Protein

14.2 ± 0.1

18.1 ± 0.1

11.9 ± 0.1

15.1 ± 0.1

< 0.0001

 Fat

28.9 ± 0.2

25.8 ± 0.1

11.8 ± 0.1

11.4 ± 0.2

< 0.0001

  SFA

8.5 ± 0.1

7.7 ± 0.1

3.5 ± 0.0

3.4 ± 0.1

< 0.0001

  MUFA

9.3 ± 0.1

8.4 ± 0.1

3.3 ± 0.0

3.2 ± 0.1

< 0.0001

  PUFA

7.4 ± 0.1

6.1 ± 0.1

3.1 ± 0.0

2.9 ± 0.1

< 0.0001

  1. Abbreviations: EER Estimated energy requirement, MUFA Monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acids, SFA Saturated fatty acids
  2. aMCP = carbohydrate intake 50–60% of energy + plant/animal protein ≥ 1; MCA = carbohydrate intake 50–60% of energy + plant/animal protein < 1; HCP = carbohydrate intake ≥ 70% of energy + plant/animal protein ≥ 1; HCA = carbohydrate intake ≥ 70% of energy + plant/animal protein < 1
  3. bLog-transformed values were used for statistical tests
  4. cValues are presented as means ± SEs after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, education, household income, physical activity, smoking, survey period, alcohol consumption, and total energy intake (except the model of energy intake)