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Table 2 General characteristics of the participants according to moderate- and high-carbohydrate diets, stratified by protein source

From: A moderate-carbohydrate diet with plant protein is inversely associated with cardiovascular risk factors: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2017

n, (%)a

Moderate carbohydrate diet with plant protein (MCP)b

(n = 981)

Moderate carbohydrate diet with animal protein (MCA)b

(n = 2209)

High carbohydrate diet with plant protein (HCP)b

(n = 4283)

High carbohydrate diet with animal protein (HCA)b

(n = 492)

P value

Sex

    

< 0.0001

 Male

392 (50.8)

992 (54.3)

1610 (45.1)

202 (50.2)

 

 Female

589 (49.2)

1217 (45.7)

2673 (54.9)

290 (49.8)

 

Age group (years)

    

< 0.0001

 19–29

230 (32.1)

541 (32.7)

328 (13.2)

85 (24.5)

 

 30–49

517 (49.6)

1221 (52.1)

1441 (39.3)

201 (42.9)

 

 50–64

189 (15.6)

354 (13.0)

1458 (31.8)

140 (24.1)

 

 ≥ 65

45 (2.7)

93 (2.3)

1056 (15.7)

66 (8.5)

 

Survey period

    

< 0.0001

 2013–2015

552 (57.5)

1204 (55.6)

2649 (62.8)

277 (58.2)

 

 2016–2017

429 (42.5)

1005 (44.4)

1634 (37.2)

215 (41.8)

 

Education

    

< 0.0001

 Middle school or lower

101 (8.2)

186 (7.0)

1595 (28.9)

107 (16.2)

 

 High school

362 (40.1)

864 (41.5)

1364 (36.8)

177 (39.9)

 

 College or higher

502 (51.7)

1115 (51.4)

1227 (34.3)

195 (43.9)

 

Household income

    

< 0.0001

 Lowest

67 (7.0)

163 (7.4)

889 (16.8)

67 (11.9)

 

 Lower middle

233 (23.4)

478 (21.6)

1164 (26.8)

117 (22.3)

 

 Upper middle

335 (34.8)

757 (34.6)

1131 (28.6)

142 (29.6)

 

 Highest

343 (34.7)

807 (36.4)

1089 (27.8)

164 (36.3)

 

Physical activity, yesc

529 (58.7)

1106 (54.6)

1811 (46.9)

243 (53.5)

< 0.0001

Alcohol consumptiond

    

< 0.0001

 None

356 (32.3)

745 (30.9)

2279 (48.6)

210 (37.5)

 

 Moderate

499 (53.5)

1120 (52.5)

1674 (43.6)

224 (49.4)

 

 High

123 (14.2)

334 (16.6)

282 (7.9)

54 (13.1)

 

Smokinge

    

< 0.0001

 Never

638 (59.7)

1406 (60.1)

2897 (64.2)

311 (59.3)

 

 Former

141 (14.8)

321 (14.4)

726 (17.7)

81 (16.9)

 

 Current

199 (25.6)

472 (25.4)

606 (18.1)

95 (23.8)

 
  1. a Values are presented as the weighted percentages of the participants using the complex sampling design parameters of KNHANES
  2. b MCP = carbohydrate intake 50–60% of energy + plant/animal protein ≥ 1; MCA = carbohydrate intake 50–60% of energy + plant/animal protein < 1; HCP = carbohydrate intake ≥ 70% of energy + plant/animal protein ≥ 1; HCA = carbohydrate intake ≥ 70% of energy + plant/animal protein < 1
  3. c Physical activity: “yes”, performed vigorous-intensity activities for at least 75 min, or moderate-intensity activities for at least 150 min, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity during a typical week
  4. d Alcohol consumption: “none”, no consumption of any type of alcoholic beverage or drank less than once per month over the past year, “moderate”, consumption of alcoholic beverages more than once per month over the past year, “high”, consumption of more than seven glasses of alcoholic beverages for men and five glasses of alcoholic beverages for women per occasion more than two times per week
  5. e Smoking: “never”, never smoked cigarettes of smoked < 100 cigarettes in their lifetime, “former”, smoked ≥ 100 cigarettes in their lifetime but currently not smoking, “current”, smoked ≥ 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and currently smoking
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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