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Table 2 Energy-adjusted fruit and vegetable consumption from pre- to mid-pregnancy and new-born birth weight

From: Fruit and vegetable consumption before and during pregnancy and birth weight of new-borns in Japan: the Tohoku medical megabank project birth and three-generation cohort study

 

From pre- to early pregnancy

From early to mid-pregnancy

Quartiles

Crude model

Multivariable modela

Crude model

Multivariable modela

 

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

Fruitb

 Continues

15.5

10.9–20.2

16.9

12.0–21.7

9.9

5.2–14.6

10.3

5.5–15.1

Categorical

 First quartile

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Second quartile

12.3

−2.5–27.1

14.3

−0.8–29.4

4.4

−10.4–19.2

7.7

−7.3–22.7

 Third quartile

33.6

18.8–48.4

36.5

21.3–51.8

13.8

−1.0–28.6

16.6

1.6–31.7

 Fourth quartile

44.7

29.9–59.4

49.4

34.1–64.7

29.9

15.1–44.7

32.3

17.1–47.6

P for trend

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

Vegetablesb

 Continues

0.6

−4.1–5.2

−4.4

−9.6–0.7

2.1

−2.6–6.8

−0.1

−5.2–5.0

Categorical

 First quartile

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Second quartile

3.7

−11.1–18.5

−2.3

−17.7–13.0

−4.0

− 18.8–10.8

− 2.5

−17.7–12.7

 Third quartile

2.0

−12.8–16.8

−8.7

−24.5–7.1

4.6

−10.2–19.4

4.8

−10.8–20.4

 Fourth quartile

2.5

−12.3–17.2

− 12.5

−28.8–3.7

4.1

−10.7–18.9

−3.2

− 19.4–12.9

P for trend

0.81

 

0.09

 

0.38

 

0.97

 
  1. aAdjusted for maternal age (continuous variable), pre-pregnancy BMI (< 18.5; 18.5 to 25.0; ≥25.0 kg/m2), parity (never; one or more), educational attainment (high school graduate or less; junior college or vocational college graduate; university graduate or above; others), household income (< 4,000,000; 4,000,000-5,999,999; ≥ 6,000,000 Japanese Yen/year), cigarette smoking (never; stop before pregnancy; stop after pregnancy; current), alcohol drinking (never; former; current), folic acid supplementation during pregnancy (yes vs. no), total fruit, vegetable, meat, fish, grain, potato, bean, and daily product consumption (in quartiles) except for the exposures
  2. All dietary consumption was energy-adjusted using the residual method
  3. P for trends were calculated as trends across categories
  4. BMI Body mass index; 95% CI 95% confidence interval