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Table 5 Indirect validity: mean (SD) daily nutrient intake as assessed by 24-h DRs of six days according to tertiles of food group consumption (FFQ)

From: Development and validation of a quantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess dietary intake among Lebanese adults

  

Tertiles of food group consumption frequency according to FFQ

p-value*

First

Second

Third

Refined cereals

CHO (g)

181.2 (58.1)

213.0 (64.2)

239.2 (71.6)

0.000

 

Sodium (mg)

4339.7 (722.9)

4549.0 (810.7)

4798.7 (917.0)†

0.002

Whole Grain cereals

Fibers (g)

16.7 (9.6)

17.2 (6.4)

21.7 (8.8)†,‡

< 0.001

 

Thiamin (mg)

1.2 (0.5)

1.3 (0.5)

1.5 (0.5)†,‡

0.005

Legumes

Protein (g)

61.3(18.8)

63.8 (20.0)

73.0 (27.2)†,‡

0.003

 

Fibers (g)

16.1 (7.5)

18.9 (8.2)

20.5 (9.5)†

0.004

Fruits

Fibers (g)

16.4 (7.7)

19.1 (9.7)

20.1 (8.1)†

0.018

 

Vitamin C (mg)

76.8 (53.5)

90.3 (59.6)

118.8 (79.3)†,‡

< 0.001

Total Green leafy vegetables

Fibers

16.7 (9.4)

18.4 (9.0)

20.4 (7.1)†

0.024

Cooked green leafy vegetables

Folate (μg)

294.9 (138.5)

320.2 (206.5)

393.7 (224.1)†,‡

0.004

Chicken and red meat

Protein (g)

57.1 (17.1)

65.9 (19.8)

75.2 (26.9)

< 0.001

 

Iron (mg)

14.2 (5.5)

14.6 (7.2)

17.2 (6.8)†,‡

0.008

Fish and shellfish

Vitamin D

8.0 (1.3)

8.1 (1.0)

8.7 (2.2)†,‡

0.009

 

Selenium (μg)

43.3 (21.3)

53.7 (29.7)

62.0 (32.6)†

< 0.001

Dairy Products

Calcium (mg)

573.5 (284.0)

680.0 (299.3)

795.8 (392.0)†

< 0.001

Fast food sandwiches

Sodium (mg)

4299.1 (659.0)

4624.4 (795.1)†

4713.2 (964.1)†

0.003

Dessert

Sugar (g)

46.5 (28.5)

51.2 (22.1)

61.7 (28.8)†,‡

0.002

Alcoholic beverages

Alcohol (g)

0.0 (0.1)

1.0 (2.2)

4.2 (8.5)

< 0.001

  1. *One-way ANOVA; P < 0.05 is significant; Values in bold show significance
  2. †difference is significant as compared to tertile 1; ‡difference is significant as compared to tertile 2