Subgroups | No. of studies | No. of Participants (Cases) | RR (95% CI) | P | Heterogeneity Test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chi-Square | I2 | phet | |||||
All studies | 18 | 1,489,581(19424) | 0.89(0.84,0.93) | < 0.001 | 38.82 | 38% | 0.029 |
Study design | |||||||
 Cohort | 11 | 1,481,538(15519) | 0.91(0.88,0.94) | < 0.001 | 22.95 | 30.3% | 0.115 |
 Case-control | 7 | 8043(3905) | 0.95(0.91,1.00) | 0.030 | 13.33 | 47.5% | 0.064 |
Sex | |||||||
 Men | 7 | 236,055(4826) | 0.80(0.69,0.92) | 0.001 | 14.07 | 50.3% | 0.050 |
 Women | 8 | 454,822(7126) | 0.94(0.89,0.99) | < 0.001 | 6.25 | 0% | 0.619 |
Geographic locations | |||||||
 Europe | 5 | 311,476(3599) | 0.84(0.75,0.93) | 0.001 | 4.40 | 0% | 0.732 |
 America | 10 | 1,176,927(15769) | 0.92(0.88,0.95) | < 0.001 | 19.83 | 34.5% | 0.099 |
Publication year | |||||||
 Before 2010 | 9 | 854,956(8822) | 0.82(0.76,0.89) | < 0.001 | 8.07 | 0% | 0.622 |
 After 2010 | 9 | 634,625(10602) | 0.94(0.91,0.97) | < 0.001 | 21.73 | 40.2% | 0.060 |
Sample size | |||||||
  ≥ 500 | 14 | 1,488,346(18809) | 0.91(0.88,0.94) | < 0.001 | 27.76 | 27.9% | 0.115 |
  < 500 | 4 | 1235(615) | 0.76(0.51,1.12) | 0.170 | 8.20 | 63.4% | 0.042 |
Adjustment for energy | |||||||
 Yes | 9 | 881,482(10198) | 0.85(0.79,0.92) | < 0.001 | 10.48 | 4.6% | 0.399 |
 No | 9 | 608,299(9226) | 0.94(0.91,0.97) | < 0.001 | 21.84 | 40.5% | 0.058 |