Table 1 Characteristics of participants by GDM statusa
Variables | Overall (n = 324) | GDM (n = 101) | Non-GDM (n = 223) | P-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age (y) | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 < 25 | 36 (11.1) | 3 (3.0) | 33 (14.8) |  |
 25–29 | 137 (42.3) | 49 (48.5) | 88 (39.5) |  |
 30–34 | 113 (34.9) | 30 (29.7) | 83 (37.2) |  |
 ≥ 35 | 38 (11.7) | 19 (18.8) | 19 (8.5) |  |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 < 18.5 | 39 (12.0) | 3 (3.0) | 36 (16.1) |  |
 18.5–23.9 | 219 (67.6) | 71 (70.3) | 148 (66.4) |  |
 ≥ 24.0 | 66 (20.4) | 27 (26.7) | 39 (17.5) |  |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | 0.743 |
 Han Chinese | 303 (93.5) | 97 (96.0) | 206 (92.4) |  |
 Others | 21 (6.5) | 4 (4.0) | 17 (7.6) |  |
Education level | Â | Â | Â | 0.486 |
 Junior secondary school or below | 52 (16.0) | 14 (13.9) | 38 (17.0) |  |
 Senior/technical secondary school | 36 (11.1) | 14 (13.9) | 22 (9.9) |  |
 University or above | 236 (72.8) | 73 (72.3) | 163 (73.1) |  |
Smoking before pregnancy | Â | Â | Â | 0.872 |
 No | 307 (94.8) | 96 (95.0) | 211 (94.65) |  |
 Yes | 17 (5.2) | 5 (5.0) | 12 (5.4) |  |
Mode of conception | Â | Â | Â | 0.122 |
 Natural conceived | 194 (59.9) | 51 (55.0) | 143 (64.1) |  |
 In vitro fertilization-embryo transfer | 130 (40.1) | 50 (45.0) | 80 (35.9) |  |
Chorionicity | Â | Â | Â | 0.815 |
 Monochorionic-diamniotic | 136 (42.0) | 40 (45.0) | 96 (43.0) |  |
 Dichorionic-diamniotic | 188 (58.0) | 61 (55.0) | 127 (57.0) |  |
Parity | Â | Â | Â | 0.586 |
 0 | 239 (73.8) | 77 (76.2) | 162 (72.6) |  |
 ≥ 1 | 85 (26.2) | 24 (23.8) | 61 (27.4) |  |
Previous history of GDM | Â | Â | Â | 1.000 |
 No | 319 (98.5) | 99 (98.0) | 220 (98.7) |  |
 Yes | 5 (1.5) | 2 (2.0) | 3 (1.3) |  |
Family history of T2DM | Â | Â | Â | 0.493 |
 No | 309 (95.4) | 98 (97.0) | 211 (94.6) |  |
 Yes | 15 (4.6) | 3 (3.0) | 12 (5.4) |  |