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Table 1 Mean (± SEM) values of study variables by season among US women (N = 52) living in North Dakota, USA

From: Concurrent validity of skin carotenoid status as a concentration biomarker of vegetable and fruit intake compared to multiple 24-h recalls and plasma carotenoid concentrations across one year: a cohort study

 

Spring

Summer

Fall

Winter

P-value

Mean ± SEM

 Skin carotenoid status

  RRS intensitiesb

38,238x ± 2617

34,629y ± 1910

37,044x ± 2043

36,563xy ± 1818

< 0.001

  RS intensitiesb

0.091 ± 0.004

0.087 ± 0.004

0.088 ± 0.004

0.088 ± 0.004

0.500

 Dietary Intakea

  Vegetable and fruit (g/d)

188 ± 16

220 ± 16

194 ± 16

187 ± 18

0.441

  Dietary carotenoids (mg/d)

12.1 ± 0.76

12.0 ± 0.97

11.9 ± 0.72

11.9 ± 1.11

0.983

 

Geometric mean -1SEM, +1SEM

 

 Total plasma carotenoids (μM/L)c

2.53; 2.36, 2.71 x

2.26; 2.11, 2.42 y

2.46; 2.30, 2.64 xy

2.34; 2.18, 2.51 xy

0.025

  1. aMeasured by the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour (ASA24) Dietary Assessment Tool at 36 times over the year
  2. bMeasured at 12 times over the year
  3. cMeasured at 4 times over the year
  4. •Analyzed carotenoids were α- and β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin.
  5. x,y, Values between seasons with the same superscript letters are not significantly different (P > 0.05) by Tukey contrasts.
  6. RS, reflection spectroscopy.
  7. RRS, resonance Raman spectroscopy.