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Table 4 Distribution of energy percent (E%) intake from protein, fat, carbohydrate, fibre and alcohol

From: Time trends in nutrient intake and dietary patterns among five birth cohorts of 70-year-olds examined 1971–2016: results from the Gothenburg H70 birth cohort studies, Sweden

Birth cohort

1901–02

1911–12

1922

1930

1944

   

Examination years

1971–72

1981–83

1992–93

2000–02

2014–16

   

Women

n = 188

within NNR rec.

n = 130

within NNR rec.

n = 136

within NNR rec.

n = 321

within NNR rec.

n = 474

within NNR rec.

Linear trend

χ2 within NNR rec.

Recommended E% intake*

 

Mean (SD)

%

Mean (SD)

%

Mean (SD)

%

Mean (SD)

%

Mean (SD)

%

P value

P value %

 

 Protein E%

15 (2)

33

14 (2)

33

16 (3)ª ʰ

57

16 (3)ª ʰ

52

17 (3)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

60

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

15–20

 Fat E%

36 (6)

76

37 (5)

72

35 (6)ʰ

77

34 (6)ª ʰ

77

37 (7)ª ʲ ʳ

67

0.132

0.007

25–40

 Carbohydrates E%

47 (6)

65

46 (5)ª

55

45 (6)ª

53

46 (6)ª

58

40 (7)ª ʰ ʳ ʲ

23

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

45–60

 Alcohol E%

0 (1)

100

1 (1)ª

96

2 (3)ª

96

2 (2)ª ʰ

92

3 (4)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

79

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

<  5

 Fibre E%

2 (1)

 

2 (0.5)

 

2 (1)

 

2 (1)

 

3 (1)

 

< 0.0001

 

No rec.

Men

n = 182

 

n = 132

 

n = 63

 

n = 233

 

n = 387

    

 Protein E%

14 (2)

30

14 (2)ª

20

16 (3)ª ʰ

49

15 (2)ª ʰ

54

16 (3)ª ʰ ʳ

61

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

15–20

 Fat E%

36 (5)

84

37 (5)ª

70

34 (6)ʰ

81

34 (6)ª ʰ

78

37 (6)ʲ ʳ

73

0.939

0.021

25–40

 Carbohydrates E%

47 (5)

64

45 (5)ª

49

45 (7)ª

44

45 (7)ª

49

40 (7)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

25

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

45–60

 Alcohol E%

1 (2)

95

2 (3)ª

86

3 (3)ª

84

4 (4)ª ʰ ʲ

76

5 (5)ª ʰ ʲ

61

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

<  5

 Fibre E%

2 (1)

 

2 (1)

 

2 (0.5)

 

2 (1)

 

2 (1)

 

< 0.0001

 

No rec.

  1. * Based on the Nordic nutrition recommendations (NNR) 2012
  2. ªSignificant difference compared with birth cohort1901–02
  3. ʰSignificant difference compared with birth cohort 1911–12
  4. ʲSignificant difference compared with birth cohort 1922
  5. ʳSignificant difference compared with birth cohort1930
  6. ʸNNR recommended intake (RI) levels of macro- and micronutrients