Table 1 Basic characteristics of the 13 articles included in the meta-analysis
Author, publication year, country | Study design, Follow up | Source of parcipant | Conducted season | Cases/N | Definition of AF, measurement of vitamin D | Mean age (years), male (%) | Expose level | RR (95%CI) | Adjustment for confounders |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rienstra, 2011, USA [12] | Prospective cohort, 9.9 years | Framingham Heart Study | NA | 425/2930 | ECG, competitive protein-binding assay and radioimmunoassay | 65, 44 | Continuous variable | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | Age, sex, BMI, PR interval, and cardiac murmur. |
Chen, 2014, China [9] | Case-control, NA | Chinese PLA General Hospital | Winter | 162/322 | ECG, chemilumiscence assay | 65, 45 | < 20 ng/ml 21–29 ng/ml ≥ 30 ng/ml continuous variable | 1.97 (1.31–2.97) 1.32 (1.06–1.66) ref. 0.4 (0.30–0.80) | Age, systolic blood pressure, hsCRP, LAD, LV end diastolic diameter, LVEF, and PASP. |
Demir, 2014, Turkey [10] | Case-control, NA | Bursa Education and Research Hospital | Winter | 198/298 | NA, BioSource 25-OH Vit.D3-Ria-CT Kit | 62, 40 | Continuous variable | 0.86 (0.786–0.94) | Medications, age, gender, and BMI. |
Mathew, 2014, USA [14] | Prospective cohort, 7.7 years | MESA Study | NA | 291/6398 | ECG, hospital discharge diagnoses, inpatient and outpatient physician claims data | 62, 53.5 | Per 10 ng/mL | 0.92 (0.81–1.03) | Age, gender, race/ethnicity, study site, attained education, low density, cholesterol, use of lipid-lowering medications, current smoking, diabetes, physical, activity, height, height squared, weight, urine albumin-creatinine-ratio, eGFR, systolic blood pressure, and use of hypertension medication. |
Prospective cohort, 8.0 years | CHS Study | NA | 229/1350 | 77, 71.3 | Per 10 ng/ml | 1.00 (0.88–1.14) | |||
Ozcan,2015, Turkey [11] | Prospective case-control, NA | Ankara University Hospital | Winter and Spring | 90/227 | ECG, chemiluminescent immunoassay | 68, 58 | < 20 ng/ml ≥ 20 ng/ml Continuous variable | 1.68 (1.18–2.64) Ref 0.86 (0.66–1.05) | Age, gender, BMI, smoking status, hyperlipidemia, medications, serum levels of creatinine, calcium, LAD, LAEF, and PASP |
Vitezova, 2015, Netherlands [13] | Prospective cohort, 12 years | The Rotterdam Study | NA | 263/3295 | ECG, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay | 71, 41 | < 50 nmol/l 50–74 nmol/l ≥ 75 nmol/l | ref 0.82 (0.60–1.11) 0.76 (0.52–1.12) | Age, gender, income, education, BMI, physical activity, diet quality score, smoking status and season and year when the blood was drawn. |
Emren, 2016, Turkey [17] | Prospective case-control study, NA | Residents in Afyonkarahisar | Winter and Spring | 71/212 | ECG, direct chemiluminescence immuno assay | 63, 75 | < 11.5 ng/ml ≥ 11.5 ng/ml | ref 0.95 (0.91–0.99) | Age, male sex, chronic HF, AF episodes, COPD, chronic renal failure, DM, rheumatic heart disease, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and inadequate use of beta blockers or RAS blockers. |
Alonso, 2016, USA [7] | Prospective cohort, 18 years | Communities Study | NA | 1866/12,303 | ECG and Hospital discharge codes, high-sensitivity mass spectrom eter | 57, 43 | < 20 ng/ml 21–29 ng/ml ≥ 30 ng/ml | 1.10 (0.96–1.26) 1.09 (0.97–1.22) ref | Age, sex, race, study centre, education, alcohol consumption, height, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, systolic and diastolic BPs, medication, DM, coronary heart disease, HF, hsCRP, NT-pro-BNP, and eGFR. |
Belen, 2016, Turkey [8] | Case-control, NA | Hospital in Okmeydan | NA | 96/180 | ECG, high-performance liquid chroma tography | 66, 54 | Continuous variable | 0.854 (0.805–0.907) | Age, gender, BMI, etiology and chronic HF stage. |
Gode, 2016, Turkey [19] | Prospective case-control study, 5 day | Hospital in Istanbul | Winter | 15/90 | ECG, analysed in biochemistry laboratory | 58, 78 | ≤ 30 ng/mL > 30 ng/mL | ref 0.856 (0.751–0.976) | LAD, creatinine, cholesterol and DM. |
Skuladottir, 2016, Iceland [29] | Prospective case-control study, 72 h | The National University Hospital of Iceland | NA | 66/118 | Holter monitoring, MS/MS Vitamin D Kit | NA, 80 | < 47.1 nmol/l ≥ 47.1 nmol/l | 1.31 (0.54–3.16) ref | Age, BMI, smoking, peak postoperative C-reactive protein, preoperative plasma DHA level and valvular surgery or complex surgical procedure |
Turin, 2018, USA [16] | Retrospective cohort, NA | Loyola University Medical Center | All seasons | 2697/47,062 | ICD-9 code data, liquid chromatography-MS | NA, 28 | < 20 ng/ml ≥ 20 ng/ml | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) ref | ACEI/ARB use |
Özsin, 2018, Turkey [18] | Prospective randomized clinical, NA | Hospital in Bursa | Winter | 50/100 | ECG, Architect 25-OH vitamin D- Reagent Kit | 60, 70 | < 7.65 ng/dl ≥ 7.65 ng/dl | ref 0.855 (0.780–0.938) | Age, gender, history of hypertension, DM, preoperative drug use, EF, LAD, BMI, body surface area, aortic cross clamp time, cardiopulmonary bypass time. |