Parent–child cooking meal together may relate to parental concerns about the diets of their toddlers and preschoolers: a cross-sectional analysis in Japan

Table 1 Demographics of parent and household by the parent-child cooking together group

	not cooking together		cooking together
	n	%	n	%
	2004	89.6	233	10.4	p
Relationship for the child
mother	1957	97.7	231	99.1	0.231
father	47	2.4	2	0.9
	mean	SD	mean	SD	p
Age of mother (years old)†
mean, SD	36.0	5.1	35.4	5.5	0.101
	n	%	n	%	p
Employment status of mother
currently work
yes	1135	56.6	132	56.7	0.996
no	869	43.4	101	43.4
Family living together
mother or father and one child	75	3.7	14	6.0	0.365
mother or father and grandparent and one child	64	3.2	7	3.0
mother and father and one child	314	15.7	44	18.9
mother and father and children	1209	60.3	128	54.9
mother and father and grandparent and children	339	16.9	40	17.2
others (living together with non-family adults)	3	0.2	0	0.0
Subjective economic status
affluent	155	7.7	26	11.2	0.357
somewhat	423	21.1	42	18.0
neither	668	33.3	80	34.3
not so much	580	28.9	63	27.0
no afford not at all	178	8.9	22	9.4
Leisure time
affluent	144	7.2	36	15.5	0.0002
somewhat	452	22.6	59	25.3
neither	459	22.9	42	18.0
not so much	746	37.2	74	31.8
no afford not at all	203	10.1	22	9.4
Caregiver of the child during the day
Nursery school
yes	827	41.3	98	42.1	0.816
no	1177	58.7	135	57.9
Kindergarten
yes	747	37.3	91	39.1	0.595
no	1257	62.7	142	90.9
Centers for Early Childhood Education and Care
yes	126	6.3	16	6.9	0.731
no	1878	93.7	217	93.1
Grandparents and relatives
yes	105	5.2	8	3.4	0.234
no	1899	94.8	205	96.6
None of the above
yes	248	12.4	29	12.5	0.975
no	1756	87.6	204	87.6
Dietary lifestyle in mother/father
Eating breakfast
everyday	1878	93.7	218	93.6	0.423
4-5 days per week	100	5.0	15	6.4
2-3 days per week	5	0.3	0	0.0
1 day or less per week	20	1.0	0	0.0
I do not eat at all	1	0.1	0	0.0

ISSN: 1475-2891