Variables Author/Year | Population characteristics | Participants Men/Women Paleolithic diet | Participants Men/Women Control diet | Mean age (years) Paleolithic diet | Mean age (years) Control diet | Duration (Months) | Evaluated outcomes | Secondary outcome evaluated | Quality of the study (GRADE) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahlgren et al., [22] | Overweight and obese women | 0/6 | 0/6 | 64.5 | 70.6 | 24 months | Experiments on dietary change | Qualitative analysis | b |
Otten et al., 2016 [23] | Obese postmenopausal women | 0/25 | 0/16 | 61 ± 6 | 66 ± 2 | 24 months | Changes in liver fat and insulin sensitivity | Weight, BMI and WC | c |
Pastore et al., 2015 [14] | Hypercholesterolemic patients | 10/10 | 10/10 | 53 ± 7 | 53 ± 7 | 4 months | Dietary intake and plasma lipids | Weight | c |
Masharani et al., 2015 [24] | Type 2 diabetes | 14 | 10 | 58 ± 8 | 56 ± 13 | 3 months | Metabolic and physiological effects of diet | Biochemical markers | b |
Bligh et al., 2015 [25] | Healthy population | 24/0 | – | 27.9 ± 13.2 | 27.5 ± 12.68 | 6 months | Acute effects of meal on glycaemia, hormonal responses in the intestine and regulation of appetite | Hormones | a |
Boraxbekk et al., 2015 [26] | Overweight and obese postmenopausal women | 0/9 | 0/11 | 61.1 ± 1.6 | 61.6 ± 1.7 | 6 months | Improvement of episodic memory performance and change of associated functional brain responses | Weight, BMI and WC | c |
Stomby et al., [27] | Overweight and obese women | 0/27 | 0/22 | – | – | 24 months | Normalization of glucocorticoid metabolism | Weight, BMI and WC | c |
Bisht et al., 2014 [28] | Multiple sclerosis patients | 01/08 | – | 52.4 ± 4.1 | – | 12 months | Effect on perceived fatigue | Fatigue markers | a |
Hanmarstrom et al., [29] | Overweight middle-aged women | 0/8 | – | 57.5 ± 11 | – | 24 months | Barriers and facilitators for weight loss | Qualitative analysis | a |
Boers et al., 2014 [30] | Metabolic syndrome patients | 18 | 16 | 52 ± 10.2 | 55 ± 9 | 2 weeks | Alteration of metabolic syndrome characteristics | Weight, BMI and WC | c |
Melberg et al., [31] | Obese postmenopausal women | 0/35 | 0/35 | 59.9 ± 5.5 | 60.3 ± 5.9 | 24 months | Effect of the Paleolithic diet in obese women | Weight, BMI and WC only from the Paleolithic group | a |
Frassetto et al., 2013 [32] | Type 2 diabetes patients | 06/07 | 08/05 | 56 ± 12 | 56 ± 12 | 3 weeks | Effect on total acid production | BMI only from the Paleolithic group | b |
Jonsson et al., 2013 [33] | Type 2 diabetes patients | 10/03 | – | – | – | 3 months | Effect on satiety | Satiety markers | a |
Ryberg et al., 2013 [34] | Obese menopausal women | 0/10 | 0/10 | – | – | 1 month and 1 week | Effect on liver fat and insulin resistance | Weight, BMI and WC only of the Paleolithic group | b |
Myhill e al., 2013 [35] | Myalgic encephalomyelitis patients | 138 | – | 23.5 ± .5 | – | – | Mitochondrial dysfunction | Markers of mitochondrial function | a |
Jonsson et al., 2010 [36] | Coronary syndrome patients | 14/0 | 15/0 | – | – | 12 weeks | Effect on satiety | Markers of satiety | a |
Jonsson et al., 2009 [37] | Type 2 diabetes patients | 01/06 | 04/02 | 66 ± 6 | 63 ± 6 | 6 months | Improvement of glycemic control in association with several cardiovascular risk factors | Weight, BMI and WC | b |
Frassetto et al., 2009 [38] | Healthy population in physical activity | 06/03 | 06/03 | 38 ± 12 | 38 ± 12 | 3 weeks | Effect on glycemic control and association with cardiovascular risk factors | BMI only from the Paleolithic group | b |
Baumgartner et al., 2009 [39] | Healthy population in physical activity | 05/05 | – | 25 ± 21 | – | 4 weeks | Effect on oral microbiota and clinical data | Present bacteria | a |
Osterdahl et al., [16] | Healthy population | 08/09 | – | 30 ± 10 | – | 3 weeks | Effect of the Paleolithic diet on the reduction of cardiovascular risk | Weight, BMI and WC | a |
Lindeberg et al., 2007 [40] | Ischemic heart disease patients | 14/0 | 15/0 | 65 ± 10 | 57 ± 7 | 12 weeks | Effect of glucose tolerance | Weight and WC | c |
Smith et al., 2014 [15] | Healthy population | 24/20 | – | 31.2 ± 0.3 | – | 2 months and 2 weeks | Effects on serum lipids | Weight | a |
Genoni et al., 2016 [41] | Healthy women | 0/22 | 0/17 | 47 ± 13 | 26.8 ± 7.2 | 1 months | Metabolic and cardiovascular effects | Weight and WC | c |
Fontes-Vilalba et al., [42] | Type 2 diabetes patients | 06/01 | 04/02 | 66 ± 6 | 63 ± 6 | 6 months | Effects on adipokines, glucagon, incretins and ghrelin | Weight | b |
Blomquist C, et al. 2017 [43] | Healthy postmenopausal women | 0/35 | 0/35 | 60 + 5.6 | 61 + 7 | 24 months | Android fat, weight, adipose gene expression, toll-like receptor 4, macrophage migration, Serum interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor a levels and High-sensitivity C-reactive protein | Weight | b |
Blomquist C, et al. 2018 [44] | Postmenopausal women with overweight | 0/33 | 0/25 | 60 ± 5.5 | 62 ± 5.7 | 6 months | insulin sensitivity, decreased circulating triglycerides, gene expressions of CD36, fatty acid synthase and diglyceride acyltransferase 2 | BMI and Body weight | b |