Table 1 Baseline characteristics of children and households by maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional statusa
| Â | Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | Underweight (BMI < 18.5) n = 190 | Normal (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) n = 854 | Overweight/Obesity (BMI ≥ 25) n = 29 | P |
Child characteristics | ||||
Gender | Â | Â | Â | 0.143 |
 Boy | 109(57.4) | 527(61.7) | 22(75.9) |  |
 Girl | 81(42.6) | 327(38.3) | 7(24.1) |  |
At the age of 3 months | ||||
 WAZ | 0.43 ± 1.03 | 0.64 ± 1.05 | 1.11 ± 1.01 | 0.005 |
 LAZ | −0.51 ± 1.10 | −0.42 ± 1.12 | 0.01 ± 0.99 | 0.109 |
 WLZ | 1.16 ± 1.19 | 1.38 ± 1.24 | 1.54 ± 0.96 | 0.080 |
 MDI | 107.53 ± 10.94 | 107.92 ± 11.24 | 109.31 ± 14.55 | 0.764 |
At the age of 6 months | ||||
 WAZ | 0.37 ± 1.10 | 0.69 ± 1.01 | 1.25 ± 0.96 | < 0.001 |
 LAZ | −0.82 ± 1.24 | −0.64 ± 1.21 | − 0.16 ± 1.27 | 0.035 |
 WLZ | 1.23 ± 1.24 | 1.50 ± 1.14 | 1.82 ± 1.41 | 0.010 |
 MDI | 93.02 ± 16.82 | 93.54 ± 15.42 | 94.15 ± 17.85 | 0.907 |
At the age of 12 months | ||||
 WAZ | 0.27 ± 0.96 | 0.42 ± 1.01 | 1.05 ± 1.10 | 0.002 |
 LAZ | −0.64 ± 1.18 | −0.52 ± 1.09 | 0.22 ± 1.01 | 0.002 |
 WLZ | 0.76 ± 1.02 | 0.89 ± 1.08 | 1.25 ± 1.11 | 0.095 |
 MDI | 103.26 ± 21.92 | 102.16 ± 21.80 | 104.71 ± 21.22 | 0.731 |
At the age of 18 months | ||||
 WAZ | 0.17 ± 0.89 | 0.34 ± 0.90 | 0.71 ± 0.88 | 0.011 |
 LAZ | −0.83 ± 1.12 | −0.81 ± 1.09 | − 0.38 ± 0.78 | 0.165 |
 WLZ | 0.78 ± 0.91 | 0.96 ± 0.97 | 1.19 ± 0.97 | 0.045 |
 MDI | 99.90 ± 19.91 | 99.55 ± 19.89 | 106.30 ± 19.43 | 0.235 |
At the age of 24 months | ||||
 WAZ | 0.22 ± 0.91 | 0.24 ± 0.90 | 0.75 ± 0.79 | 0.023 |
 LAZ | −0.62 ± 1.20 | −0.64 ± 1.02 | − 0.38 ± 0.71 | 0.492 |
 WLZ | 0.87 ± 0.95 | 0.93 ± 0.97 | 1.43 ± 1.01 | 0.032 |
 MDI | 89.05 ± 20.44 | 90.44 ± 17.79 | 93.18 ± 14.37 | 0.499 |
 Gestational age at birth, wk. | 39.92 ± 1.38 | 39.93 ± 1.51 | 39.94 ± 1.47 | 0.996 |
Women’s characteristics | ||||
Maternal age, y | 24.06 ± 4.09 | 24.83 ± 4.43 | 25.46 ± 4.96 | 0.078 |
Weekly gestational weight gain, kg/wk | 0.39 ± 0.25 | 0.34 ± 0.19 | 0.27 ± 0.18 | 0.003 |
Women’s education |  |  |  | 0.018 |
 Primary | 41(21.6) | 256(30.0) | 9(31.0) |  |
 Secondary | 119(62.6) | 476(55.9) | 20(69.0) |  |
 ≥ High school | 30(15.8) | 120(14.1) | 0 |  |
Women’s occupation at enrollment |  |  |  | 0.180 |
 Farmer | 159(83.7) | 713(83.9) | 28(96.6) |  |
 Others | 31(16.3) | 137(16.1) | 1(3.4) |  |
Father’s education |  |  |  | 0.427 |
 Primary | 19(10.1) | 90(10.6) | 0 |  |
 Secondary | 122(64.9) | 557(65.4) | 21(72.4) |  |
 ≥ High school | 47(25.0) | 204(24.0) | 8(27.6) |  |
Father’s occupation at enrollment |  |  |  | 0.569 |
 Farmer | 140(73.7) | 633(74.2) | 24(82.8) |  |
 Others | 50(26.3) | 220(25.8) | 5(17.2) |  |
Type of prenatal micronutrients supplementation | Â | Â | 0.447 | |
 Folic acid | 36(18.9) | 215(25.2) | 10(34.5) |  |
 Iron/folic acid | 82(43.2) | 327(38.3) | 6(20.7) |  |
 Multimicronutrients | 72(37.9) | 312(36.5) | 13(44.8) |  |
Household wealth index at enrollment | Â | Â | Â | 0.101 |
 Poorest | 69(36.3) | 302(35.4) | 9(31.0) |  |
 Middle | 61(32.1) | 299(35.0) | 7(24.2) |  |
 Richest | 60(31.6) | 253(29.6) | 13(44.8) |  |