Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants
Variables | Total (N = 3471) | Males (N = 1762) | Females (N = 1709 | Chi-square | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 3.157 | 0.206 | |||
 18–29 years old | 583 (16.8%) | 308 (17.5%) | 275 (16.1%) |  | |
 30–60 years old | 1899 (54.8%) | 938 (53.3%) | 961 (56.3%) | ||
 Older than 60 years | 986 (28.4%) | 514 (29.2%) | 472 (27.6%) | ||
Marital status | 77.825 | 0.000 | |||
 Married | 1998 (57.6%) | 1039 (59.0%) | 959 (56.2%) |  | |
 Divorced/widowed | 496 (14.3%) | 165 (9.4%) | 331 (19.4%) | ||
 Single | 973 (28.1%) | 556 (31.6%) | 417 (24.4%) | ||
Area of residence | 2.660 | 0.264 | |||
 Big city | 1104 (31.8%) | 564 (32.0%) | 540 (31.6%) |  | |
 Town | 1006 (29.0%) | 490 (27.8%) | 516 (30.2%) |  | |
 Village/Rural area | 1360 (39.2) | 708(40.2%) | 652 (38.2%) |  | |
Educational attainment | 12.879 | 0.002 | |||
 Up to secondary education | 1993 (57.5%) | 973 (55.3%) | 1020 (59.8%) |  | |
 Post-secondary education | 767 (22.1%) | 386 (21.9%) | 381 (22.3%) |  | |
 Postgraduate studies | 706 (20.4%) | 400 (22.7%) | 306 (17.9%) | ||
Frequent consumption of: | |||||
 Whole grain bread | 2096 (60.4%) | 982 (55.8%) | 1114 (65.2%) | 31.961 | 0.000 |
 White-toasted bread | 983 (28.3%) | 581 (33.0%) | 402 (23.5%) | 38.180 | 0.000 |
 Fruits | 2305 (66.4%) | 995 (56.5%) | 1310 (76.7%) | 157.917 | 0.000 |
 Fresh-frozen vegetables | 1534 (44.2%) | 621 (35.3%) | 913 (53.4%) | 115.954 | 0.000 |
 Meat products | 2882 (83.1%) | 1590 (90.3%) | 1292 (75.6%) | 132.982 | 0.000 |
 Deep fried foods | 274 (7.9%) | 188 (10.7%) | 86 (5.0%) | 37.982 | 0.008 |
 Confectionery | 1957 (56.4%) | 949 (53.9%) | 1008 (59.0%) | 9.145 | 0.002 |
BMI | 94.948 | 0.000 | |||
 Underweight | 67 (2.0%) | 14 (0.8%) | 53 (3.2%) |  | |
 Normal weight | 1503 (44.0%) | 663 (37.8%) | 840 (50.5%) | ||
 Overweight | 1230 (36.0%) | 735 (41.9%) | 495 (29.7%) | ||
 Obese | 619 (18.0%) | 342 (19.5%) | 277 (16.6%) | ||
Smoking behaviour | |||||
 Smoker (Smoking participation) | 998 (28.8%) | 586 (33.3%) | 412 (24.1%) | 35.717 | 0.000 |
| Â | t-test | p-value | |||
 Smoking prevalencea | 25.365 (5.236) | 30.005 (2.492) | 20.581 (2.046) | 62.193 | 0.000 |