Table 2 Systematic reviews investigating health effects of non-nutritive sweeteners
From: Health outcomes of non-nutritive sweeteners: analysis of the research landscape
First author, publication year | Population | Intervention/ Exposure | Outcome | Included study designs | Limitations | Date of search | Searched databases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bernardo, 2016 [274] | adults and children | AS use | adverse clinical effects | comparative and epidemiological studies | ND | ND | MEDLINE; EMBASE; Cochrane Library; Lilacs/Scielo |
Berry, 2016 [84] | ND | sucralose consumption | carcinogenic potential | ND | ND | ND | MEDLINE; TOXFILE, BIOSIS Toxline; FOODLINE; CAB Abstracts; Food Science and Technology Abstracts; NTIS; EMBASE |
Borkum, 2016 [275] | ND | migraine triggers (including aspartame) | oxidative stress in the brain | ND | published between1990–2014 and in English language | ND | MEDLINE |
Brown, 2010 [22] | children (0–18 y) | AS consumption | metabolic health effects (food intake, weight change, diabetes, metabolic syndrome components) | ND | published in peer reviewed journals in English language; published full text available | ND | MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE |
Greenwood, 2014 [157] | generally healthy population | sugar- or artificially-sweetened beverage consumption | incident diabetes mellitus type 2 risk | prospective observational studies (min. Duration: 3Â years) | published since 1990 and in English language | November 2009; updated: June 2013 | Cochrane Library; MEDLINE; MEDLINE In-Process; EMBASE; CAB Abstracts; ISI Web of Science; BIOSIS |
Cheungpasitporn, 2014 [135] | ND | sugar- or artificially-sweetened soda consumption | chronic kidney disease incidence | RCTs, case–control, cross-sectional or cohort studies | provided odds ratios, relative risks, hazard ratios or standardized incidence ratios with 95% confidence intervals | June 2014 | MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CENTRAL |
Hendriksen, 2011 [276] | ND | added sugar and intense sweeteners | beneficial and hazardous health effects | ND | written in English or Dutch language | October 2008 | ND |
Imamura, 2016 [161] | adults without diabetes | artificially sweetened beverages | incidence of type 2 diabetes | prospective studies | no language or time limitations | May 2013; updated: February 2014 | MEDLINE; EMBASE; Ovid; Web of Science |
Miller, 2014 [181] | generally healthy population | low-calorie sweeteners from foods or beverages or as tabletop sweeteners | body weight or body composition | RCTs and prospective cohort studies | a minimum study duration of 2Â weeks for RCTs and 6Â months for prospective cohorts | September 2013 | MEDLINE |
Pereira, 2014 [180] | no limitation | ASB (or sugar- sweetened beverages) consumption | body weight or body fat | RCTs and prospective cohort studies | observational studies min. Duration of 6Â months | March 2012 | MEDLINE |
Pereira, 2013 [277] | ND | DB/ASB consumption | body weight, obesity risk, type 2 diabetes, or cardiovascular disease | ND | studies in English language | September 2011 | MEDLINE |
Reid, 2016 [183] | pregnant women, infants, or children (<12Â years of age) | early life NNS exposure (all types of NNS consumption) | long-term metabolic health (BMI, birth weight, growth velocity, incidence of overweight/ obesity, change in adiposity, incidence of impaired glucose tolerance, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes) | RCTs and prospective cohort studies | min. Study duration of 6Â months | July 2015 | MEDLINE; EMBASE; Cochrane Library |
Rogers, 2016 [182] | humans and animals | low-energy sweeteners consumption | energy intake, body weight, BMI | ND | no language or time limitations | February 2015 | MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science |
Romo-Romo, 2016 [24] | adults | NNS consumption | glucose metabolism and appetite regulating hormones, development of metabolic chronic diseases | observational studies and clinical trials | follow up of at least 3Â years in cohort studies | April 2015; updated: March 2016 | MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Trip Database |
Russel, 2016 [278] | adult type 2 diabetes patients or obese subjects | nutrients (incl. Low-calorie sweeteners) | postprandial hyperglycemia | intervention trials | studies in English language | ND | MEDLINE, Web of Science |
Shankar, 2013 [279] | ND | NNS consumption | obesity/weight gain; diabetes; cardiometabolic indicators | ND | ND | 2012 | MEDLINE |
Spencer, 2016 [280] | humans and animals | aspartame, saccharin or sucralose consumption | fermentation, absorption, gastrointestinal symptoms | ND | full articles in English language | June 2015 | MEDLINE, EMBASE |
Timpe Behnen, 2013 [281] | diabetes patients | acesulfame, aspartame,luo han guo, monk fruit, neotame, rebiana, saccharin, stevia, and sucralose | diabetic control, including, but not limited to, blood glucose levels, postprandial blood glucose, HbA1c | clinical studies | studies in English language | May 2012 | MEDLINE, Scopus |
Wiebe, 2011 [23] | ND | a sweetener (e.g. non-caloric sweetener) | weight change, energy intake, lipids, HbA1C, insulin resistance | parallel or crossover RCT | follow-up at least 1Â week in duration; at least 10 participants per group, no trials with placebo control | January 2011 | MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library CENTRAL, CAB Global |
Oliver, 2015 [85] | ND | aspartame, ace-K, cyclamic acid and its salts, steviol glycosides, neohesperidin DC, neotame, saccharine and its salts, sucralose,aspartame-acesulfame salt, thaumatin | benefits and risks related to intense sweeteners | meta-analysis, RCTs, quasi experimental, cohort, case-control, cross-sectional studies | none | ND | MEDLINE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Psychinfo |
Onakpoya, 2015 [21] | adult volunteers (>18 y) | steviol glycoside | cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, blood sugar, cholesterol) | double-blind RCTs | No age, language or time restrictions. Studies in which steviol glycosides were combined with other dietary supplements were excluded | May 2014 | MEDLINE, EMBASE, Amed, Cinahl, The Cochrane Library, Google Scholar |
Poolsup, 2012 [282] | patients with hypertension | stevioside | systolic and diastolic blood pressure control | RCTs | published in English language | February 2012 | MEDLINE, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Wiley Online Library |
Ulbricht, 2010 [20] | both adults and children | stevia | adverse effects, (pharmacology, kynetics, dosing, interactions, toxicology) | no restriction (both in vivo and in vitro studies) | no language restrictions | ND | AMED, CANCERLIT, CINAHL, CISCOM, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, HerbMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, MEDLINE, NAPRALELT |
Urban, 2015 [283] | ND | steviol glycosides and/or stevia leaf extracts of known concentrations | allergic reactions | no restriction (also animal and in vitro studies) | ND | October 2014 | MEDLINE, Science Direct, Google Scholar |
Wang, 2016 [284] | adults, pregnant women and infants (>6 mo) | FDA-approved sweeteners | energy sensing by the brain; gut hormones that may influence energy homeostasis; satiety and preference f r taste; eating behavior; body weight and composition | RCTs, non-RCT, not controlled trials, prospective cohorts | English language; cancer patients were excluded | ND | MEDLINE |