From: Effects of nutrition education on weight gain prevention: a randomized controlled trial
 |  | Baseline | Month 3 | Month 6 | Month 9 | Month 12 |  |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Group |
| P-value | ||||
Energy intake (kcal/d) | RDG (n = 26) | 1783 ± 67 | 1723 ± 59 | 1675 ± 62 | 1703 ± 63 | 1599 ± 63 | Group = NS |
CSG (n = 29) | 1796 ± 63 | 1703 ± 56 | 1804 ± 58 | 1742 ± 60 | 1843 ± 60 | Time = NS | |
CON (n = 26) | 1806 ± 67 | 1627 ± 59 | 1666 ± 62 | 1675 ± 63 | 1712 ± 63 | G x T = NS | |
Total carbohydrate (g/d) | RDG (n = 26) | 219 ± 9 | 205 ± 8 | 202 ± 8 | 208 ± 8 | 186 ± 8 | Group = NS |
CSG (n = 29) | 214 ± 9 | 207 ± 7 | 217 ± 8 | 208 ± 8 | 219 ± 8 | Time = NS | |
CON (n = 26) | 205 ± 9 | 183 ± 8 | 180 ± 8 | 184 ± 8 | 194 ± 8 | G x T = NS | |
Total protein (g/d) | RDG (n = 26) | 71.2 ± 3.2 | 76.0 ± 2.9 | 71.8 ± 3.0 | 69.4 ± 3.0 | 68.6 ± 3.0 | Group = NS |
CSG (n = 29) | 70.0 ± 3.0 | 69.2 ± 2.7 | 72.8 ± 2.8 | 71.7 ± 2.8 | 75.1 ± 2.8 | Time = NS | |
CON (n = 26) | 74.6 ± 3.2 | 68.5 ± 2.9 | 71.0 ± 3.0 | 73.6 ± 3.0 | 72.2 ± 3.0 | G x T = NS | |
Total fat (g/d) | RDG (n = 26) | 70.8 ± 3.6 | 68.4 ± 3.3 | 66.2 ± 3.3 | 68.2 ± 3.2 | 65.7 ± 3.3 | Group = NS |
CSG (n = 29) | 73.3 ± 3.4 | 67.4 ± 3.1 | 71.8 ± 3.1 | 68.3 ± 3.0 | 72.0 ± 3.1 | Time = NS | |
CON (n = 26) | 76.5 ± 3.6 | 70.7 ± 3.3 | 70.1 ± 3.3 | 72.9 ± 3.2 | 72.7 ± 3.3 | G x T = NS | |
Total fiber (g/d) | RDG (n = 26) | 18.9 ± 1.0 | 20.7 ± 0.9 | 19.6 ± 1.0 | 19.6 ± 1.0 | 16.7 ± 0.9 | Group = NS |
CSG (n = 29) | 19.3 ± 1.0 | 17.6 ± 0.8 | 19.9 ± 0.9 | 19.2 ± 0.9 | 18.5 ± 0.8 | Time = NS | |
CON (n = 26) | 17.5 ± 1.0 | 17.1 ± 0.9 | 18.4 ± 1.0 | 17.2 ± 1.0 | 17.9 ± 0.9 | G x T = NS | |
Percentage carbohydrate (%kcal/d) | RDG (n = 26) | 48.2 ± 1.1 | 47.0 ± 1.1 | 47.5 ± 1.0 | 47.8 ± 1.1 | 46.1 ± 1.0 | Group = <0.01 |
CSG (n = 29) | 47.3 ± 1.1 | 47.7 ± 1.0 | 46.9 ± 1.0 | 46.5 ± 1.0 | 46.2 ± 1.0 | Time = NS | |
CON (n = 26) | 45.4 ± 1.1 | 44.1 ± 1.1 | 44.1 ± 1.0 | 43.3 ± 1.1a | 44.5 ± 1.0 | G x T = NS | |
Percentage protein (%kcal/d) | RDG (n = 26) | 16.5 ± 0.6 | 18.0 ± 0.6 | 17.6 ± 0.6 | 16.7 ± 0.6 | 17.6 ± 0.6 | Group = NS |
CSG (n = 29) | 15.8 ± 0.5 | 16.7 ± 0.5 | 16.7 ± 0.5 | 17.0 ± 0.5 | 16.8 ± 0.5 | Time = NS | |
CON (n = 26) | 16.6 ± 0.6 | 17.4 ± 0.6 | 17.7 ± 0.6 | 18.1 ± 0.6 | 17.2 ± 0.6 | G x T = NS | |
Percentage fat (%kcal/d) | RDG (n = 26) | 33.8 ± 0.9 | 34.0 ± 0.9 | 33.8 ± 0.9 | 34.6 ± 0.9 | 35.1 ± 0.9 | Group = <0.01 |
CSG (n = 29) | 35.1 ± 0.9 | 34.5 ± 0.9 | 34.9 ± 0.8 | 34.7 ± 0.8 | 34.6 ± 0.8 | Time = NS | |
CON (n = 26) | 36.5 ± 0.9 | 37.7 ± 0.9a b | 36.8 ± 0.9 | 37.7 ± 0.9a b | 36.9 ± 0.9 | G x T = NS | |
Fruit (svgs/d) | RDG (n = 26) | 1.9 ± 0.21 | 1.7 ± 0.15 | 2.1 ± 0.18 | 1.9 ± 0.17 | 2.0 ± 0.22 | Group = <0.01 |
CSG (n = 29) | 1.4 ± 0.20 | 1.2 ± 0.14 | 1.4 ± 0.17 | 1.3 ± 0.16 | 1.5 ± 0.20 | Time = NS | |
CON (n = 26) | 1.6 ± 0.21 | 1.0 ± 0.15a | 1.1 ± 0.18a | 1.0 ± 0.17a | 1.3 ± 0.22a | G x T = NS | |
Vegetables (svgs/d) | RDG (n = 26) | 3.4 ± 0.25 | 3.2 ± 0.21 | 3.3 ± 0.24 | 3.0 ± 0.22 | 3.3 ± 0.25 | Group = NS |
CSG (n = 29) | 3.3 ± 0.24 | 2.9 ± 0.20 | 2.2 ± 2.23 | 3.2 ± 0.21 | 3.1 ± 0.23 | Time = NS | |
CON (n = 26) | 3.3 ± 0.23 | 3.3 ± 0.21 | 3.3 ± 0.24 | 3.3 ± 0.22 | 3.4 ± 0.24 | G x T = NS | |
Whole grains (svgs/d) | RDG (n = 26) | 1.7 ± 0.22 | 1.7 ± 0.19 | 1.6 ± 0.18 | 1.4 ± 0.18 | 1.4 ± 0.18 | Group = NS |
CSG (n = 29) | 1.8 ± 0.21 | 1.7 ± 0.18 | 1.7 ± 0.17 | 1.8 ± 0.17 | 1.6 ± 0.17 | Time = NS | |
CON (n = 26) | 1.8 ± 0.23 | 1.7 ± 0.19 | 1.7 ± 0.18 | 1.6 ± 0.18 | 1.8 ± 0.18 | G x T = NS | |
Refined grains (svgs/d) | RDG (n = 26) | 3.9 ± 0.32 | 3.6 ± 0.29 | 3.6 ± 0.30 | 4.0 ± 0.32 | 3.4 ± 0.31 | Group = NS |
CSG (n = 29) | 4.4 ± 0.30 | 4.3 ± 0.27 | 4.3 ± 0.28 | 4.1 ± 0.30 | 4.6 ± 0.30 | Time = NS | |
CON (n = 26) | 4.2 ± 0.32 | 3.4 ± 0.29 | 3.3 ± 0.30 | 3.6 ± 0.31 | 3.8 ± 0.31 | G x T = NS | |
Lean meats (svgs/d) | RDG (n = 26) | 1.7 ± 0.25 | 2.1 ± 0.25 | 2.1 ± 0.24 | 1.8 ± 0.25 | 2.1 ± 0.26 | Group = NS |
CSG (n = 29) | 1.4 ± 0.24 | 1.4 ± 0.23 | 1.7 ± 0.23 | 1.9 ± 0.23 | 2.0 ± 0.25 | Time = NS | |
CON (n = 26) | 1.8 ± 0.25 | 1.7 ± 0.25 | 1.7 ± 0.24 | 2.0 ± 0.25 | 1.9 ± 0.26 | G x T = NS | |
Non-meat protein sources (svgs/d) | RDG (n = 26) | 1.7 ± 0.25 | 2.5 ± 0.22 | 2.4 ± 0.25 | 2.2 ± 0.24 | 1.8 ± 0.19 | Group = <0.001 |
CSG (n = 29) | 1.5 ± 0.23 | 1.0 ± 0.21a | 1.4 ± 0.24 | 1.4 ± 0.24 | 1.1 ± 0.18 | Time = NS | |
CON (n = 26) | 1.3 ± 0.25 | 1.5 ± 0.22a | 1.5 ± 0.25 | 1.4 ± 0.24 | 1.3 ± 0.19 | G x T = NS | |
Low-fat and fat-free dairy (svgs/d) | RDG (n = 26) | 0.55 ± 0.08 | 0.75 ± 0.10 | 0.80 ± 0.10 | 0.66 ± 0.09 | 0.71 ± 0.09 | Group = NS |
CSG (n = 29) | 0.78 ± 0.08 | 0.89 ± 0.10 | 0.83 ± 0.09 | 0.64 ± 0.09 | 0.86 ± 0.09 | Time = NS | |
CON (n = 26) | 0.68 ± 0.08 | 0.79 ± 0.10 | 0.66 ± 0.10 | 0.84 ± 0.09 | 0.64 ± 0.09 | G x T = NS | |
Energy expenditure (kcal/d) | RDG (n = 26) | 1202 ± 126 | 1223 ± 113 | 1107 ± 122 | 984 ± 103 | 1038 ± 107 | Group = NS |
CSG (n = 27) | 1168 ± 85 | 1040 ± 76 | 1007 ± 82 | 1062 ± 69 | 1074 ± 72 | Time = NS | |
CON (n = 21) | 1103 ± 163 | 1066 ± 146 | 1163 ± 158 | 1229 ± 133 | 1261 ± 139 | G x T = NS |