Characteristic | No Supp n = 602 | Single Supp N = 176 | Multiple Supp N = 278 | p-value* |
---|---|---|---|---|
 | Mean (SE) | |||
NUTRIENTS | Â | Â | Â | Â |
RBC folate (nmol/L)‡ | 646.7 (8.9) a | 891.1 (30.7) b | 1153.4 (11.8) c | <0.001 |
Retinol (μg/dL)†| 59.2 (0.5) a | 64.3 (0.7) b | 65.0 (1.0) b | <0.001 |
Ascorbic acid (mg/dL)†| 0.66 (0.02) a | 0.94 (0.02) b | 1.62 (0.03) c | <0.001 |
Alpha tocopherol (mg/dL)†| 1.1 (0.01) a | 1.4 (0.02) b | 2.9 (0.06) c | <0.001 |
Alpha carotene (μg/dL)†| 4.5 (0.1) a | 5.9 (0.2) b | 27.5 (1.3) c | <0.001 |
Beta carotene (μg/dL)†| 18.5 (0.3) a | 27.0 (1.2) b | 62.7 (2.8) c | <0.001 |
Ferritin (μg/L)‡ Male | 198.2 (6.1) a | 205.2 (12.6) a | 117.6 (5.9) b | <0.001 |
Ferritin (μg/L)‡ Female | 101.7 (7.1) a | 74.9 (8.4) b | 117.4 (3.3) c | <0.001 |
25-hydroxyvitamin D (nmol/L) |  |  | 131.4 (45.3)§ |  |
BIOMARKERS | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Homocysteine (μmol/L)‡ | 9.6 (0.2) a | 9.1 (0.5) a | 6.1 (0.3) b | <0.001 |
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)‡ | 0.46 (0.04) a | 0.32 (0.03) b | 0.19(0.03) c | <0.01 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)‡ | 211.5 (2.9) a | 212.1 (3.6) a | 203.1 (2.7) b | <0.05 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)‡ | 125.1 (2.8) | 129.5 (4.2) | 122.1 (2.6) | NS (>0.05) |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)‡ | 50.9(0.5) a | 53.3 (1.4) a | 57.5 (1.1) b | <0.001 |
Ratio total-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol‡ | 4.5 (0.07) a | 4.3 (0.13) a | 4.0 (0.09) b | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL)‡ | 180.1 (16.7) a | 145.3 (9.4) a | 121.0 (6.8) b | < 0.01 |