Table 5 Parameter estimates and standard errors from linear mixed effects model predicting linear growth (height increase) of boys over the follow up period

Fixed Effects

Food Insecurity

−0.3382

0.3405

0.3210

Height for age z-scores at baseline

6.6557

0.0911

<.0001

Food Insecurity X Time

0.1420

0.2904

0.6249

Time

1.3737

0.4000

0.0006

Age of boys at baseline

3.9514

0.0804

<.0001

Household Income Tertile

High (Reference)

 Middle

−0.3571

0.3695

0.3343

 Middle X time

0.6131

0.3522

0.0822

 Low

0.1416

0.3864

0.7140

 low X time

−0.1378

0.3663

0.7069

Place of Residence

Urban (Reference)

 Semi-urban

−0.3955

0.3546

0.2651

 Semi-urban X time

0.9695

0.3396

0.0040

 Rural

−0.6366

0.3717

0.0873

 Rural X Time

1.1587

0.3546

0.0011

 Quadratic time effect (Time²)

1.9663

0.1565

<.0001

Random effects

Variance

14.6274

1.5378

CS

−5.1433

0.8679

Variance of measurement errors (residuals)

11.4764

0.4959